STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF MORINGA OLEIFERA PLANT GROWN UNDER EGYPTIAN CONDITIONS

This study was conducted in Department of Medicinaland Aromatic Plants, Horticultural Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, intwo successive seasons of 2012 and 2013 on Moringa oleifera plant in4 (four) different regions in the Upper Egypt (A1 and A2) and Delta(A3 and A4). It aimed to study the effect of different environments onchemicals and food ingredients, as well as determine the adaptation todifferent environments to identify the best region for growth. Theseeds were germinated in the greenhouse of National Gene Bank, andthen seedlings were transferred into (A1, A2, A3 and A4 regions) inplots with 20 × 30 m distance with 2 m distance between the plant and3 m distance between rows. Samples were taken in different growthstages (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 month).The obtained results showed that there were significant differencesin chemical components in the whole regions under study. The region(A1) showed the best values in respect to acid ascorbic (vitamin C),beta carotene (vitamin A), thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitaminB2), niacin (vitamin B3), and tocopherols (vitamin E), calcium, iron,protein, zinc and phosphorus at a rate value higher than the region (A2)by 2%, region (A3) by 15% and region (A4) by 8%. The obtainedresults explained that the differences among regions in chemical andfood components during plant growth. The best results were obtainedfrom the Upper Egypt under study in respect to the quantity ofnutrition in addition to region (A4) which were good for cultivating ofMoringa tree in Egypt

Influence of foliar application with Moringa oleifera residue fertilizer on growth, and yield quality of leafy vegetables

Biofertilizers produced from organic materials help to promote the growth, and yield quality of crops and is more environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers. Moringa oleifera is a leafy vegetable whose leaves are also used to make biofertilizers. The use of moringa non-edible parts in biofertilizer preparation remains under-explored. In this study, a procedure to produce moringa foliar biofertilizer (MFB) from non-edible parts was developed. The effect of composting time (3 to 4 months) on the quality of MFB was investigated, and four-month incubation was found suitable for biofertilizers yield with the highest nitrogen content and optimal pH. Furthermore, the influences of MFB doses (20 to 100 mL per Litre) on the growth of lettuce and mustard spinach were studied. The yield of these leafy vegetables was the highest at 100 mL per Litre of MFB spray. Finally, MFB was compared with other commercial foliar sprays, including chitosan fertilizer and seaweed fertilizer. Each foliar treatment was applied every five days until five days before harvest. Plant height, the number of leaves, canopy diameter, leaf area index, actual yield, ascorbic acid content, and Brix were found to be similar in lettuce sprayed with MFB, chitosan, and seaweed fertilizers. In conclusion, the application of MFB promoted the growth and yield of mustard spinach

In Vitro Screening for Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Plant Seed Extracts

Phytochemical screening (saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols and glycosides) of four medicinal plant seeds (Jatropha curcas, Simmondsia chinensis (Jojoba), Moringa oleifera and Datura metel) extracted by aqueous, ethanol and Folch solvents, were examined for their antimicrobial activity against three types of plant pathogenic fungi namely; Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani, in addition to four types of bacteria, namely; Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Ralstonia solanacearum and Pesudomonas aeruginosa using disc diffusion paper. Results revealed that different concentrations of aqueous extracts were more effective against bacterial activity compared to fungal activity, except for D. metel aqueous extract which showed no antifungal effect and very weak effect on only two of the tested bacteria. B. cereus was more sensitive to J. curcas aqueous extract, while P. aeruginosa was more sensitive to S. chinensis and M. oleifera aqueous extracts. On the other hand, results showed that J. curcas and M. oleifera ethanol extracts were more effective on Staph. aureus growth, while S. chinensis and D. metel did not have any effect on any of the fungi or bacteria under study. The evaluation of the antifungal and antibacterial effect did not confirm the broad spectrum of S. chinensis Folch extract, while M. oleifera and D. metel were more effective on reducing R. solani growth. Also F. oxysporum was affected by J. curcas Folch extract only at high concentrations. These findings support that the traditional use of the plant extracts in the treatment of different infections caused by pathogenic microbes is valuable and should be taken in consideration

Physicochemical Properties of Moringa oleifera Seeds and Their Edible Oil Cultivated at Different Regions in Egypt

Abstract Moringa oleifera is a plant that successfully grows recently in Egypt and has rich of nutrients seeds with valuable content of edible oil. The present study aimed at determining the physicochemical properties of moringa seeds and their extracted oil of which cultivated at different regions in Egypt. Obtained results revealed that protein, lipid, ash, fiber and total carbohydrate contents were in range of 34.51% -36.5%, 28.62% -30.06%, 4.22% -5.06%, 10.92% -12.16% and 19.00% -20.29%, respectively. Consequently, caloric value was around 450.36 -451.32 kcal 100 g −1 for dried moringa seeds. As confirmed, dried moringa seeds are considered as a rich source of dietary minerals. TPCs content of M. oleifera seed were ranged from 16.9 -18.5 mg GAE g −1 dw. The antioxidants activity was in a range of 0.17 -0.28 μmol TE g −1 dw (DPPH scavenging activity) and was in a range of 4.19 -6.29 μmol TE g −1 dw (DPPH scavenging activity). The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, flavonoids and flavonols contents were ranged from 0.93 to 1.78, 4.89 to 8.41, 13.53 to 19.56 mg g −1 dw, 3.30 to 5.40 and 2.30 to 4.10 mg QE g −1 dw, respectively. Obviously, the individual essential amino acids (EAAs) and nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) recorded higher contents when compared to referenced protein. Total AA showed in triple amount in moringa protein when compared FAO standard. The acid value, iodine value, unsaponificable matter, peroxide value, refractive index, saponification value of cold pressed moringa seeds oil found to be 0.29 -0.37 mg·g −1 , 65.7 -67.5, 0.60 to 0.74 g 100 g −1 , 1.67 -2.47 mEq/Kg, 1.4607 -1.4613, 171.7 to 178.3 mg KOH g −1 , respectively. Clearly, the unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) contents of M. oleifera edible oils were 77.14% -84.98%, especially oleic (73.30% -79.58%). On contrary, the saturated fatty acids (SFA) recorded 15.00% -22.83% where palmitic and stearic acids were the predominant SFA. The results of oil physicochemical parameters were compared with those of commercial oils. It could be illustrated that moringa seeds and its oil considered as a good source for dietar

Secondary metabolites, hormonal homeostasis, and antioxidant enzymes of Moringa oleifera in response to white or violet Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) combined with cytokinins under tissue culture conditions

The present study was carried out between 2021 and 2022 at the tissue culture lab and experimental station of the vegetable and floriculture department, faculty of agriculture, Mansoura University. Using mature seeds, Moringa oleifera is propagated on a large scale and in rapid succession by in vitro culture. Two types of cytokinin: 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP), and thidiauron (TDZ) singly at three different concentrations (0, 1, or 2 mg/L), were used, as well as light-emitting diode systems (LEDs) (white as control and violet; the combination of red and blue; 1:1). After incubation for 30 days, the obtained results showed that the survival percentage increased by the treatments with the maximum value (85%) by MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L TDZ, under violet LEDs illumination. However, the addition of thidiazuron (TDZ) to the medium did not propagate shoot, and this treatment recorded 100% callus formation other than BAP. The maximum number of axillary shoots per explant and the number of leaves recorded in the MS medium contained 2 mg/L BAP under violet LEDs. Compared to the control values, all the used treatments generally caused surprisingly stimulating the determined antioxidant enzymes and compounds (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase &catalase and phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin& ascorbic acid). Concerning the phytohormone content of the hormone-free medium (control), IAA, kinetin, and zeatin increased. Meanwhile, GA3 and ABA decreased with the used treatments

EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTI-CANCER POTENTIAL IN ROOT EXTRACTS OF MORINGA PEREGRINA (FORSSK.) FIORI

Natural products provide many bioactive lead molecules for the discovery of new medicines. Naturally, derived phytochemicals have exhibited tremendous biological activities including anticancer activity. More than 60% of antitumor medicines are closely associated with natural products. In the present study, hexane, chloroform, acetone and, methanol extracts from roots of Moringa peregrina were screened for phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity. Phytochemical analysis was performed by Gas Chromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The anticancer potential of the extracts was done on the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and cell viability was measured using WST-1 Cell Proliferation Assay Kit. The cell line was treated with different concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 μg/ml) of plant extracts and the results were compared with the standard drug Doxorubicin. The results of GC-MS analysis of different extracts revealed the presence of various compounds. The anticancer studies revealed that the chloroform extract of M. peregrina has good activity against the human breast cancer cell line with the IC50 value of 127.38 μg/ml. The IC50 values of hexane, acetone, and methanol extracts were 315.0, 284.8, and 353.10 μg/ml respectively. Whereas the IC50 value of the standard drug, Doxorubicin was 25.88 μg/ml. Based on these results, further study is warranted for the isolation of anticancer molecules from chloroform extract of M. peregrina root tubers

MORINGA OLEIFERA - A NEVER DIE TREE: AN OVERVIEW

Moringa oleifera (MO) is mostly inhabiting in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is notable for its therapeutic and nutritious qualities on the grounds that each piece of this plant can be exploited for restorative and sustenance purposes. The restorative and healthful qualities are because of the nearness of certain essential and optional metabolites contained by the plant. The phytochemicals screening uncovered the occurrence of auxiliary metabolites. These bioactive mixes can be utilized as a part of curing numerous ailments. MO is a versatile plant whose seeds comprise an excellent consumable oil (up to 40% by weight) and water-solvent protein that acts viable coagulants for water and wastewater treatment. The fruitful utilization of shelled MO Lam. seeds as a biosorbent presents a more affordable ecologically inviting technique for the expulsion of different irresistible metals from contaminated watery media. Aside from turbidity expulsion, MO, additionally, has antibacterial properties. The aim of this review is to present a complete analysis of the traditional uses and pharmacological properties of MO. Furthermore, this review is to update wide numbers of phytochemical constituents which have been isolated from the plant, and these constituents possess several medicinal properties

Digestion, growth performance and caecal fermentation in growing rabbits fed diets containing foliage of browse trees

Feeding foliage from browse trees and shrubs may be of importance in animal production because these resources do not compete with human food and can provide significant amounts of nutrients. Rabbit is increasingly becoming an important meat source and its production is recommended in countries that are experiencing meat shortages, as it presents the best productive advantages to bridge the protein deficiency gap (Abdel-Aziz et al., 2015).This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding dried foliage (leaves and petioles) of Acacia saligna, Leucaena leucocephala or Moringa oleifera on the performance, digestibility, N utilisation, caecal fermentation and microbial profiles in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. One hundred weaned male NZW rabbits weighing 819.2±16.6 g and aged 35±1 d were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 25 rabbits each. Rabbits were fed on pelleted diets containing 70% concentrate mixture and 30% Egyptian berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) hay (Control diet) or one of the other 3 experimental diets, where 50% of berseem hay was replaced with A. saligna (AS), L. leucocephala (LL) or M. oleifera (MO). Compared to Control diet, decreases in dry matter (DM; P=0.004), organic matter (P=0.028), crude protein (CP; P=0.001), neutral detergent fibre (P=0.033) and acid detergent fibre (P=0.011) digestibility were observed with the AS diet. However, DM and CP digestibility were increased by 3% with the MO diet, and N utilisation was decreased (P<0.05) with AS. Rabbits fed AS and LL diets showed decreased (P=0.001) average daily gain by 39 and 7%, respectively vs. Control. Feed conversion was similar in Control and MO rabbits, whereas rabbits fed AS diet ate up to 45% more feed (P=0.002) than Control rabbits to gain one kg of body weight. Caecal ammonia-N was increased (P=0.002) with LL, while acetic acid was decreased (P=0.001) with AS diet vs. other treatments. Caecal E. coli and Lactobacillus spp. bacteria counts were decreased with MO by about 44 and 51%, respectively, vs. Control. In conclusion, under the study conditions, tree foliage from M. oleifera and L. leucocephala are suitable fibrous ingredients to be included up to 150 g/kg in the diets of growing rabbits, and can safely replace 50% of berseem hay in diets of NZW rabbits without any adverse effect on their growth performance. Foliage from M. oleifera had a better potential as a feed for rabbits than that from L. leucocephala. Although foliage from A. saliga may be also used at 150 g/kg in the diets of growing rabbits, this level of inclusion may result in reduced feed digestibility and growth performance