20,215 research outputs found
The subtropical global plume in the Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics A (PEM-Tropics A), PEM-Tropics B, and the Global Atmospheric Sampling Program (GASP): How tropical emissions affect the remote Pacific
[1] An extended southern subtropical plume of CO meanders>15,000 km around the world, gradually spreading around 20 S. This southern pollution plume is most noticeable in the burning season, southern spring; a similar subtropical plume appears in the northern spring. We use tracer maps to guide the use of trajectories to trace observations of the plume to their origins. The MM5 mesoscale model provides high-resolution, near-global synoptic reconstructions of the weather. Two situations are analyzed: NASA’s airborne Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics A (PEM-Tropics A) period, September–October 1996 and the PEM-Tropics B period, March–April 1999. Similar features are noted for a much earlier mission in 1977, which apparently captured the first, but never-recognized, samples of the global pollution of the Southern Hemisphere. For PEM-Tropics A, near-source pieces of the plume are clearly seen in the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product and are well simulated. Downwind, the aircraft sampling of several strands deriving from a single plume seems representative and well simulated. A general mechanism of the plume emerges: The southern plume arises in surface accumulation regions in Africa and Sout
Star Formation Histories of the LEGUS dwarf galaxies. II. Spatially resolved star formation history of the Magellanic irregular NGC 4449
We present a detailed study of the Magellanic irregular galaxy NGC 4449 based
on both archival and new photometric data from the Legacy Extragalactic UV
Survey, obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys
and Wide Field Camera 3. Thanks to its proximity ( Mpc) we
reach stars 3 magnitudes fainter than the tip of the red giant branch in the
F814W filter. The recovered star formation history spans the whole Hubble time,
but due to the age-metallicity degeneracy of the red giant branch stars, it is
robust only over the lookback time reached by our photometry, i.e.
Gyr. The most recent peak of star formation is around 10 Myr ago. The average
surface density star formation rate over the whole galaxy lifetime is
M yr kpc. From our study it emerges that NGC 4449 has
experienced a fairly continuous star formation regime in the last 1 Gyr with
peaks and dips whose star formation rates differ only by a factor of a few. The
very complex and disturbed morphology of NGC 4449 makes it an interesting
galaxy for studies of the relationship between interactions and starbursts, and
our detailed and spatially resolved analysis of its star formation history does
indeed provide some hints on the connection between these two phenomena in this
peculiar dwarf galaxy.Comment: 16 pages, 25 figures. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical
Journa
Capitalism: A System of Conspiracy
There are some myths about American capitalism. Some of them are (1) Capitalism made America the richest nation, (2) Capitalism is based on self interest, and (3) America has democracy. We show that the survival of capitalism is based on several powerful conspiracy theories. We briefly describe these conspiracies. Our analysis is based on the following principles: (a) Laws of conservation, (b) System theoretic concepts, and (c) The global space time (GST) environment. Using these principles we show that the above myths are conspiracies. In the process we show that these conspiracies will destroy all human values. The Americans already have the lowest moral values in the world.Macro economics, Space time, Conspiracy, laws of conservation, system theory
Blood Vessel Tortuosity Selects against Evolution of Agressive Tumor Cells in Confined Tissue Environments: a Modeling Approach
Cancer is a disease of cellular regulation, often initiated by genetic
mutation within cells, and leading to a heterogeneous cell population within
tissues. In the competition for nutrients and growth space within the tumors
the phenotype of each cell determines its success. Selection in this process is
imposed by both the microenvironment (neighboring cells, extracellular matrix,
and diffusing substances), and the whole of the organism through for example
the blood supply. In this view, the development of tumor cells is in close
interaction with their increasingly changing environment: the more cells can
change, the more their environment will change. Furthermore, instabilities are
also introduced on the organism level: blood supply can be blocked by increased
tissue pressure or the tortuosity of the tumor-neovascular vessels. This
coupling between cell, microenvironment, and organism results in behavior that
is hard to predict. Here we introduce a cell-based computational model to study
the effect of blood flow obstruction on the micro-evolution of cells within a
cancerous tissue. We demonstrate that stages of tumor development emerge
naturally, without the need for sequential mutation of specific genes.
Secondly, we show that instabilities in blood supply can impact the overall
development of tumors and lead to the extinction of the dominant aggressive
phenotype, showing a clear distinction between the fitness at the cell level
and survival of the population. This provides new insights into potential side
effects of recent tumor vasculature renormalization approaches
Brownian motion: a paradigm of soft matter and biological physics
This is a pedagogical introduction to Brownian motion on the occasion of the
100th anniversary of Einstein's 1905 paper on the subject. After briefly
reviewing Einstein's work in its contemporary context, we pursue some lines of
further developments and applications in soft condensed matter and biology.
Over the last century Brownian motion became promoted from an odd curiosity of
marginal scientific interest to a guiding theme pervading all of the modern
(live) sciences.Comment: 30 pages, revie
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