41 research outputs found

    Ultra Wideband Communications: from Analog to Digital

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    ï»żUltrabreitband-Signale (Ultra Wideband [UWB]) können einen signifikanten Nutzen im Bereich drahtloser Kommunikationssysteme haben. Es sind jedoch noch einige Probleme offen, die durch Systemdesigner und Wissenschaftler gelöst werden mĂŒssen. Ein Funknetzsystem mit einer derart großen Bandbreite ist normalerweise auch durch eine große Anzahl an Mehrwegekomponenten mit jeweils verschiedenen Pfadamplituden gekennzeichnet. Daher ist es schwierig, die zeitlich verteilte Energie effektiv zu erfassen. Außerdem ist in vielen FĂ€llen der naheliegende Ansatz, ein kohĂ€renter EmpfĂ€nger im Sinne eines signalangepassten Filters oder eines Korrelators, nicht unbedingt die beste Wahl. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird dabei auf die bestehende Problematik und weitere Lösungsmöglichkeiten eingegangen. Im ersten Abschnitt geht es um „Impulse Radio UWB”-Systeme mit niedriger Datenrate. Bei diesen Systemen kommt ein inkohĂ€renter EmpfĂ€nger zum Einsatz. InkohĂ€rente Signaldetektion stellt insofern einen vielversprechenden Ansatz dar, als das damit aufwandsgĂŒnstige und robuste Implementierungen möglich sind. Dies trifft vor allem in AnwendungsfĂ€llen wie den von drahtlosen Sensornetzen zu, wo preiswerte GerĂ€te mit langer Batterielaufzeit nötigsind. Dies verringert den fĂŒr die KanalschĂ€tzung und die Synchronisation nötigen Aufwand, was jedoch auf Kosten der Leistungseffizienz geht und eine erhöhte Störempfindlichkeit gegenĂŒber Interferenz (z.B. Interferenz durch mehrere Nutzer oder schmalbandige Interferenz) zur Folge hat. Um die Bitfehlerrate der oben genannten Verfahren zu bestimmen, wurde zunĂ€chst ein inkohĂ€renter Combining-Verlust spezifiziert, welcher auftritt im Gegensatz zu kohĂ€renter Detektion mit Maximum Ratio Multipath Combining. Dieser Verlust hĂ€ngt von dem Produkt aus der LĂ€nge des Integrationsfensters und der Signalbandbreite ab. Um den Verlust durch inkohĂ€rentes Combining zu reduzieren und somit die Leistungseffizienz des EmpfĂ€ngers zu steigern, werden verbesserte Combining-Methoden fĂŒr Mehrwegeempfang vorgeschlagen. Ein analoger EmpfĂ€nger, bei dem der Hauptteil des Mehrwege-Combinings durch einen „Integrate and Dump”-Filter implementiert ist, wird fĂŒr UWB-Systeme mit Zeit-Hopping gezeigt. Dabei wurde die Einsatzmöglichkeit von dĂŒnn besetzten Codes in solchen System diskutiert und bewertet. Des Weiteren wird eine Regel fĂŒr die Code-Auswahl vorgestellt, welche die StabilitĂ€t des Systems gegen Mehrnutzer-Störungen sicherstellt und gleichzeitig den Verlust durch inkohĂ€rentes Combining verringert. Danach liegt der Fokus auf digitalen Lösungen bei inkohĂ€renter Demodulation. Im Vergleich zum AnalogempfĂ€nger besitzt ein DigitalempfĂ€nger einen Analog-Digital-Wandler im Zeitbereich gefolgt von einem digitalen Optimalfilter. Der digitale Optimalfilter dekodiert den Mehrfachzugriffscode kohĂ€rent und beschrĂ€nkt das inkohĂ€rente Combining auf die empfangenen Mehrwegekomponenten im Digitalbereich. Es kommt ein schneller Analog-Digital-Wandler mit geringer Auflösung zum Einsatz, um einen vertretbaren Energieverbrauch zu gewĂ€hrleisten. Diese Digitaltechnik macht den Einsatz langer Analogverzögerungen bei differentieller Demodulation unnötig und ermöglicht viele Arten der digitalen Signalverarbeitung. Im Vergleich zur Analogtechnik reduziert sie nicht nur den inkohĂ€renten Combining-Verlust, sonder zeigt auch eine stĂ€rkere Resistenz gegenĂŒber Störungen. Dabei werden die Auswirkungen der Auflösung und der Abtastrate der Analog-Digital-Umsetzung analysiert. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die verminderte Effizienz solcher Analog-Digital-Wandler gering ausfĂ€llt. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass im Falle starker Mehrnutzerinterferenz sogar eine Verbesserung der Ergebnisse zu beobachten ist. Die vorgeschlagenen Design-Regeln spezifizieren die Anwendung der Analog-Digital-Wandler und die Auswahl der Systemparameter in AbhĂ€ngigkeit der verwendeten Mehrfachzugriffscodes und der Modulationsart. Wir zeigen, wie unter Anwendung erweiterter Modulationsverfahren die Leistungseffizienz verbessert werden kann und schlagen ein Verfahren zur UnterdrĂŒckung schmalbandiger Störer vor, welches auf Soft Limiting aufbaut. Durch die Untersuchungen und Ergebnissen zeigt sich, dass inkohĂ€rente EmpfĂ€nger in UWB-Kommunikationssystemen mit niedriger Datenrate ein großes Potential aufweisen. Außerdem wird die Auswahl der benutzbaren Bandbreite untersucht, um einen Kompromiss zwischen inkohĂ€rentem Combining-Verlust und StabilitĂ€t gegenĂŒber langsamen Schwund zu erreichen. Dadurch wurde ein neues Konzept fĂŒr UWB-Systeme erarbeitet: wahlweise kohĂ€rente oder inkohĂ€rente EmpfĂ€nger, welche als UWB-Systeme Frequenz-Hopping nutzen. Der wesentliche Vorteil hiervon liegt darin, dass die Bandbreite im Basisband sich deutlich verringert. Mithin ermöglicht dies einfach zu realisierende digitale Signalverarbeitungstechnik mit kostengĂŒnstigen Analog-Digital-Wandlern. Dies stellt eine neue Epoche in der Forschung im Bereich drahtloser Sensorfunknetze dar. Der Schwerpunkt des zweiten Abschnitts stellt adaptiven Signalverarbeitung fĂŒr hohe Datenraten mit „Direct Sequence”-UWB-Systemen in den Vordergrund. In solchen Systemen entstehen, wegen der großen Anzahl der empfangenen Mehrwegekomponenten, starke Inter- bzw. Intrasymbolinterferenzen. Außerdem kann die FunktionalitĂ€t des Systems durch Mehrnutzerinterferenz und Schmalbandstörungen deutlich beeinflusst werden. Um sie zu eliminieren, wird die „Widely Linear”-Rangreduzierung benutzt. Dabei verbessert die Rangreduzierungsmethode das Konvergenzverhalten, besonders wenn der gegebene Vektor eine sehr große Anzahl an Abtastwerten beinhaltet (in Folge hoher einer Abtastrate). ZusĂ€tzlich kann das System durch die Anwendung der R-linearen Verarbeitung die Statistik zweiter Ordnung des nicht-zirkularen Signals vollstĂ€ndig ausnutzen, was sich in verbesserten SchĂ€tzergebnissen widerspiegelt. Allgemeine kann die Methode der „Widely Linear”-Rangreduzierung auch in andern Bereichen angewendet werden, z.B. in „Direct Sequence”-Codemultiplexverfahren (DS-CDMA), im MIMO-Bereich, im Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) und beim Beamforming.The aim of this thesis is to investigate key issues encountered in the design of transmission schemes and receiving techniques for Ultra Wideband (UWB) communication systems. Based on different data rate applications, this work is divided into two parts, where energy efficient and robust physical layer solutions are proposed, respectively. Due to a huge bandwidth of UWB signals, a considerable amount of multipath arrivals with various path gains is resolvable at the receiver. For low data rate impulse radio UWB systems, suboptimal non-coherent detection is a simple way to effectively capture the multipath energy. Feasible techniques that increase the power efficiency and the interference robustness of non-coherent detection need to be investigated. For high data rate direct sequence UWB systems, a large number of multipath arrivals results in severe inter-/intra-symbol interference. Additionally, the system performance may also be deteriorated by multi-user interference and narrowband interference. It is necessary to develop advanced signal processing techniques at the receiver to suppress these interferences. Part I of this thesis deals with the co-design of signaling schemes and receiver architectures in low data rate impulse radio UWB systems based on non-coherent detection.● We analyze the bit error rate performance of non-coherent detection and characterize a non-coherent combining loss, i.e., a performance penalty with respect to coherent detection with maximum ratio multipath combining. The thorough analysis of this loss is very helpful for the design of transmission schemes and receive techniques innon-coherent UWB communication systems.● We propose to use optical orthogonal codes in a time hopping impulse radio UWB system based on an analog non-coherent receiver. The “analog” means that the major part of the multipath combining is implemented by an integrate and dump filter. The introduced semi-analytical method can help us to easily select the time hopping codes to ensure the robustness against the multi-user interference and meanwhile to alleviate the non-coherent combining loss.● The main contribution of Part I is the proposal of applying fully digital solutions in non-coherent detection. The proposed digital non-coherent receiver is based on a time domain analog-to-digital converter, which has a high speed but a very low resolution to maintain a reasonable power consumption. Compared to its analog counterpart, itnot only significantly reduces the non-coherent combining loss but also offers a higher interference robustness. In particular, the one-bit receiver can effectively suppress strong multi-user interference and is thus advantageous in separating simultaneously operating piconets.The fully digital solutions overcome the difficulty of implementing long analog delay lines and make differential UWB detection possible. They also facilitate the development of various digital signal processing techniques such as multi-user detection and non-coherent multipath combining methods as well as the use of advanced modulationschemes (e.g., M-ary Walsh modulation).● Furthermore, we present a novel impulse radio UWB system based on frequency hopping, where both coherent and non-coherent receivers can be adopted. The key advantage is that the baseband bandwidth can be considerably reduced (e.g., lower than 500 MHz), which enables low-complexity implementation of the fully digital solutions. It opens up various research activities in the application field of wireless sensor networks. Part II of this thesis proposes adaptive widely linear reduced-rank techniques to suppress interferences for high data rate direct sequence UWB systems, where second-order non-circular signals are used. The reduced-rank techniques are designed to improve the convergence performance and the interference robustness especially when the received vector contains a large number of samples (due to a high sampling rate in UWB systems). The widely linear processing takes full advantage of the second-order statistics of the non-circular signals and enhances the estimation performance. The generic widely linear reduced-rank concept also has a great potential in the applications of other systems such as Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA), Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system, and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), or in other areas such as beamforming

    Multiple Antenna Systems for Mobile Terminals

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    Energy Efficiency Optimization in Green Wireless Communications

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    The rising energy concern and the ubiquity of energy-consuming wireless applications have sparked a keen interest in the development and deployment of energy-efficient and eco-friendly wireless communication technology. Green Wireless Communications aims to find innovative solutions to improve energy efficiency, and to relieve/reduce the carbon footprint of wireless industry, while maintaining/improving performance metrics. Looking back at the wireless communications of the past decades, the air-interface design and network deployment had mainly focused on the spectral efficiency, instead of energy efficiency. From the cellular network to the personal area network, no matter what size the wireless network is, the milestones along the evolutions of wireless networks had always been higher-and-higher data rates throughout these years. Most of these throughput-oriented optimizations lead to a full-power operation to support a higher throughput or spectral efficiency, which is typically not energy-efficient. To qualify as green wireless communications, we believe that a candidate technology needs to be of high energy efficiency, reduced electromagnetic pollution, and low-complexity. In this dissertation research, towards the evolution of the green wireless communications, we have extended our efforts in two important aspects of the wireless communications system: air-interface and networking. In the first aspect of this work, we study a promising green communications technology, the time reversal system, as a novel air-interface of the future green wireless communications. We propose a concept of time reversal division multiple access (TRDMA) as a novel wireless media access scheme for wireless broadband networks, and investigate its fundamental theoretical limits. Motivated by the great energy-harvesting potential of the TRDMA, we develop an asymmetric architecture for the TRDMA based multiuser networks. The unique asymmetric architecture shifts the most complexity to the BS in both downlink and uplink schemes, facilitating very low-cost terminal users in the networks. To further enhance the system performance, a 2D parallel interference cancellation scheme is presented to explore the inherent structure of the interference signals, and therefore efficiently improve the resulting SINR and system performance. In the second aspect of this work, we explore the energy-saving potential of the cooperative networking for cellular systems. We propose a dynamic base-station switching strategy and incorporate the cooperative base-station operation to improve the energy-efficiency of the cellular networks without sacrificing the quality of service of the users. It is shown that significant energy saving potential can be achieved by the proposed scheme

    EVALUATION OF COMPRESSED SENSING IN SYSTEMS UWB WITH NBI

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    Reliable Cognitive Ultra Wideband Communication Systems Under Coexistence Constraints

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    RÉSUMÉ La croissance rapide des systĂšmes de communication sans fil et la raretĂ© du spectre ont motivĂ© les industries et les fournisseurs ouvrant dans le domaine de communication sans fil de dĂ©velopper des stratĂ©gies et des technologies de communication qui peuvent utiliser efficacement les ressources spectrales. La rĂ©utilisation pacifique du spectre sous-licence et sous-utilisĂ© peut ĂȘtre une solution prometteuse pour certaines initiatives en cours telles que la communication mobile Ă  haut dĂ©bit, la communication machine-Ă -machine, et la connectivitĂ© WiFi. Un des plus gros facteurs qui empĂȘche l'approche de cette rĂ©utilisation de frĂ©quences est l'effet d'environnements bruyants sur les dispositifs coexistent dans la mĂȘme bande de frĂ©quence. Par consĂ©quent, la demande pour une stratĂ©gie de coexistence pacifique entre les utilisateurs du spectre, des dĂ©fis et des questions techniques qu'elle engĂȘndre, motive notre recherche. Il est Ă  noter que dans cette thĂšse, nous considĂ©rons un systĂšme pratique appelĂ© MB-OFDM UWB (en anglais multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra wideband) pour donner un aperçu pratique de ce concept. Pour atteindre cet objectif, d'abord nous examinons le problĂšme d'interfĂ©rence des utilisateurs secondaires sur les utilisateurs principaux. A cet effet, tenant compte d'un systĂšme secondaire OFDM, nous proposons des mĂ©thodes de mise en forme du spectre pour les applications de transmission Ă  antennes simples et multiples. Nous prĂ©sentons une technique dĂ©bit-efficace nommĂ©e “Enhanced active interference cancellation (E - AIC)qui est en effet capable de crĂ©er des encoches ayant des caractĂ©ristiques flexibles. Afin de rĂ©soudre le problĂšme de dĂ©passement du spectre causĂ© pas la technique classique-AIC, nous utilisons une approche multi-contraintes qui Ă  son tour cause un problĂšme multi-contrainte de minimisation (en anglais multi-constraint minimization problem, MCMP). Cependant, un nouvel algorithme itĂ©ratif basĂ© sur la technique SVD (en anglais singular value decomposition) est proposĂ©, permettant ainsi de rĂ©duire la complexitĂ© de la solution de MCMP. Les rĂ©sultats de simulation obtenus montrent que la technique E-AIC proposĂ©e fournit de meilleures performances en termes de suppression des lobes latĂ©raux avec 0 dB de dĂ©passement, moins de complexitĂ© de calcul et moins de perte de dĂ©bit par rapport aux mĂ©thodes AIC prĂ©cĂ©dentes. Quant aux antennes multiples, nous proposons deux nouvelles techniques AIC, qui utilisent l'idĂ©e principale des approches de sĂ©lection d'antennes d'Ă©mission (en anglais transmit antenna selection, TAS). Bien que les rĂ©sultats montrent que les deux techniques permettent la crĂ©ation d'encoche identique, la technique per-tone TAS-AIC a la plus grande efficacitĂ© spectrale. AprĂšs avoir obtenu une emission sans interfĂ©rence pour le systĂšme MB-OFDM UWB, nous analysons, modĂ©lisons et attĂ©nuons le bruit impulsif au rĂ©cepteur MB-OFDM UWB. Pour ce faire, d'abord, nous proposons un cadre analytique qui dĂ©crit les principales caractĂ©ristiques d'interfĂ©rence d'un systĂšme Ă  ultra large bande et saut temporel (en anglais time-hopping UWB, TH-UWB) niveau de ces paramĂštres de signalisation. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que la distribution d'interfĂ©rence dĂ©pend fortement aux paramĂštres de saut temporel du systĂšme TH-UWB.----------ABSTRACT The rapid growth of wireless communication systems along with the radio spectrum's scarcity and regulatory considerations have put the onus on the wireless industries and service providers to develop wireless communication strategies and technologies that can efficiently utilize the spectral resources. Hence, peaceful reuse of underutilized licensed radio frequencies (by secondary users) can be a promising solution for some ongoing initiatives such as mobile broadband, machine-to-machine applications and WiFi connectivity. One of the biggest factors that prevents the spectrum reusing approach to effectively address the spectrum scarcity, is noisy environments result from coexistence of different devices in the same frequency band. Therefore, the request for a peaceful coexistence strategy between spectrum users, which leads to various challenges, and technical issues, motivates our research. It is worth noting that, in this thesis, we consider a practical system called multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra wideband (MB-OFDM UWB) as an underlay system to provide a practical insight into this concept. However, all the obtained results and contributions are applicable to other OFDM-based communication systems. Towards this goal, we first investigate the problem of the interference from secondary users to the primary users. For this purpose, considering an OFDM-based secondary communication system, we propose spectrum-shaping methods for single and multiple transmit antennas applications. For single antenna scenario, we present a throughput-efficient enhanced active interference cancellation (E-AIC) technique, which is indeed capable of creating notches with flexible characteristics. In order to address the spectrum overshoot problem of conventional-AIC techniques, we employed a multi-constraint approach, which leads to a multi-constraint minimization problem (MCMP). Hence, a novel iterative singular value decomposition (SVD) based algorithm is proposed to reduce the complexity of the MCMP's solution. The obtained simulation results show that the proposed enhanced-AIC technique provides higher performance in terms of sidelobes suppression with 0 dB overshoot, less computational complexity and less throughput-loss compared to previous constrained-AIC methods. For multiple transmit antennas, we propose two novel AIC techniques employing main ideas behind bulk and per-tone transmit antenna selection (TAS) approaches. Simulation results show that although both techniques provide identical notch creation, the per-tone TAS-AIC technique has higher spectral efficiency

    Multilevel Coding and Unequal Error Protection for Multiple-Access Communications and Ultra-Wideband Communications in the Presence of Interference.

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    Interference is one of the major factors that degrade the performance of a communication system. Various types of interference cause di Kerent impact on the system performance. In this thesis, we consider interference management at the physical layer. In order to enhance the performance, the receiver needs to have the knowledge about the interference. By exploiting the knowledge about interference, such as statistical properties, it can be suppressed to enhance the link quality. This thesis contains two main topics: multilevel coding (MLC) for unequal error protection (UEP) and receiver design for ultra-wideband (UWB) communications to suppress interference. Both topics deal with interference in di Kerent ways, and face di Kerent design challenges. MLC is a way to provide UEP for different streams of information with different levels of importance in a communication system. It combines coding and modulation schemes to optimize the system performance. The idea is to protect each bit in the modulation constellation point by an individual binary code. We designed and analyzed a DS-CDMA system with asymmetric PSK modulation and MLC using BCH codes in an AWGN channel. The analysis includes probability of bit error of the system, and the capacity and throughput of the MLC scheme combined with 8-PSK modulation. The results show that the MLC scheme can have a higher throughput than the regular coding scheme in the low SNR region in the AWGN channel. We also analyzed the performance of UWB communications in the presence of MAI and jamming interference. We considered a nonlinear interference suppression technique for impulse radio based UWB systems in the AWGN channel. The technique is based on the locally optimum Bayes detection (LOBD) algorithm, which utilizes the interference probability density function (PDF) for receiver design. This type of receiver has low complexity, and numerical results show that its performance asymptotically approaches that of the optimum receiver. Lastly, we discussed the implementation of the proposed receiver by adaptively monitor and update the interference PDF. The adaptive LOBD algorithm makes the proposed receiver implementation practical to deal with different types of interference.Ph.D.Electrical Engineering: SystemsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75955/1/wangcw_1.pd

    EVALUATION OF COMPRESSED SENSING IN SYSTEMS UWB WITH NBI

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