Desain Modifikasi Struktur Gedung Apartemen Grand Sungkono Lagoon Tower Caspian dengan Menggunakan Performance Based Design dan Dual System

Indonesia terletak pada pertemuan 3 lempeng tektonik besar dunia, sehingga menjadikan Indonesia sebagai negara rawan gempa bumi. Peraturan desain bangunan tahan gempa di Indonesia saat ini menggunakan desain berbasis gaya. Dalam perkembangannya, mulai diperkenalkan konsep Performance Based Design (PBD) yang memanfaatkan teknik analisa non-linier berbasis komputer dengan mengadopsi perpindahan struktur. Pada tugas akhir ini, gedung Apartemen Grand Sungkono Lagoon Tower Caspian Surabaya dengan kondisi tanah lunak didesain ulang setinggi 20 lantai dan 1 basement dengan menggunakan struktur dual system berdasarkan konsep PBD. Pendekatan PBD yang digunakan untuk menentukan base shear desain adalah Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD). Profil perpindahan DDBD direpresentasikan sebagai derajat kebebasan tunggal (SDOF) dengan parameter daktilitas dan equivalent viscous damping. Untuk memvalidasi hasil desain DDBD, dievaluasi dengan pushover analysis dengan ETABS 2016 sehingga dapat diketahui tingkat kinerja berdasarkan FEMA 356 dan FEMA 440. Dari hasil perhitungan base shear dengan pendekatan DDBD didapatkan 6695,31 kN dengan displacement rencana 0,682m untuk arah x-x dan 9234.27 kN dengan displacement rencana 0,773m untuk arah y-y, dengan level kinerja rencana Life Safety (drift = 0,02). Nilai target displacement hasil pushover analysis berdasarkan dokumen FEMA 356 dan FEMA 440 adalah 0.531m, 0.471m untuk arah x-x dan 0.613m, 0.681m untuk arah y-y. Sehingga, kinerja bangunan berada di kategori Immediate Occupancy (IO). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa anlisis dengan metode DDBD efektif sebagai alternatif desain berbasis gaya. ================================================================================================ Indonesia is located at the confluence of 3 major tectonic plates of the world, makes Indonesia prone to disaster, especially earthquake. Today, the regulations for earthquake resistant building designs in Indonesia use force based design. In the development of building design, the concept of performance-based design has now begun, which utilizes computer-based non-linear analysis techniques, this concept adopts structural displacement model. In this final project, the apartment building of the Grand Sungkono Lagoon Apartment, Caspian Tower stands on soft ground in Surabaya and will be redesigned as high as 20 floors and 1 basement using a dual system structure system based on the performance-based design concept. The approach used to determine the design base shear is Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD). DDBD displacement profile is represented as a single degree of freedom (SDOF) with ductility parameters and equivalent viscous damping. To validate the DDBD design results, it was evaluated by pushover analysis with ETABS 2016 to determine the level performance based on FEMA 356 and FEMA 440. The results of base shear calculation using the DDBD approach are 6695.31kN with displacement of 0.682m for x-x direction; 9234.27 kN with displacement of 0.773m for y-y direction; and performance level of Life Safety plan (drift =0.02). The displacement target value of the pushover analysis based on the FEMA 356, FEMA 440 documents are 0.531m, 0.471m for the x-x direction; 0.613m, 0.681m for the y-y direction. Thus, building performance is in Immediate Occupancy (IO) category. It can be concluded that analysis with DDBD method is as effective as an alternative force based desig

Pengaruh Kemampuan Guru dalam Merencanakan Pembelajaran PAI Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VII SMP Negeri 17 Medan Tahun Ajaran 2017.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara kemampuan Guru dalam merencanakan pembelajaran pai terhadap hasil belajar Kelas VII SMPN 17 Medan Tahun Ajaran 2017. Berlokasi di Jl. Kapten Zamil Lubis Kab.Deli Serdang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif, populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VII yang terdiri dari kelas VII 1 – VII 9 yang berjumlah 324 siswa, sedangkan yang dijadikan sebagai sampel berjumlah 48 siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah random sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode quesioner (angket) dan dokumentasi. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti berhasil memperoleh data kemampuan guru dalam merencanakan pembelajaran PAI dengan rata-rata hitung (X) sebesar 50,81 kategori sedang dan hasil belajar siswa dengan rata-rata hitung (Y) sebesar 84,60 kategori sedang. Nilai uji normalitas variabel X (disiplin belajar) L-hitung sebesar 0,0563 dengan nilai L-tabel sebesar 0,1280 dan data berdistribusi normal dengan acuan L-hitung < L-tabel, sedangkan untuk variabel Y (hasil belajar ) diperoleh L-hitung 0,1268 < L-tabel 0,1280 dan data berdistribusi normal. Pada pengujian hipotesis diperoleh rxy = 0,330 dengan kategori kuat atau tinggi. Untuk hasil koefisien determinan diperoleh 11,3569 % berarti menyatakan (Ha) diterima “Terdapat Pengaruh Kemampuan Guru dalam Merencanakan Pembelajaran Terhadap Hasil Belajar siswa Kelas VII SMPN 17 Medan Tahun Ajaran 2017

Trophic role of small cetaceans and seals in Irish waters

Understanding the role of marine mammals in specific ecosystems and their interactions with fisheries involves, inter alia, an understanding of their diet and dietary requirements. In this thesis, the foraging ecology of seven marine mammal species that regularly occur in Irish waters was investigated by reconstructing diet using hard parts from digestive tracts and scats. Of the species examined, two (striped and Atlantic white-sided dolphin) can be considered offshore species or species inhabiting neritic waters, while five others usually inhabit more coastal areas (white-beaked dolphin, harbour porpoise, harbour seal and grey seal); the last species studied was the bottlenose dolphin whose population structure is more complex, with coastal and offshore populations. A total of 13,028 prey items from at least 81 different species (62 fish species, 14 cephalopods, four crustaceans, and a tunicate) were identified. 28% of the fish species were identified using bones other than otoliths, highlighting the importance of using all identifiable structures to reconstruct diet. Individually, each species of marine mammal presented a high diversity of prey taxa, but the locally abundant Trisopterus spp. were found to be the most important prey item for all species, indicating that Trisopterus spp. is probably a key species in understanding the role of these predators in Irish waters. In the coastal marine mammals, other Gadiformes species (haddock, pollack, saithe, whiting) also contributed substantially to the diet; in contrast, in pelagic or less coastal marine mammals, prey was largely comprised of planktivorous fish, such as Atlantic mackerel, horse mackerel, blue whiting, and mesopelagic prey. Striped dolphins and Atlantic white-sided dolphins are offshore small cetaceans foraging in neritic waters. Differences between the diet of striped dolphins collected in drift nets targeting tuna and stranded on Irish coasts showed a complex foraging behaviour; the diet information shows that although this dolphin forages mainly in oceanic waters it may occasionally forage on the continental shelf, feeding on available prey. The Atlantic white-sided dolphin diet showed that this species prefers to feed over the continental edge, where planktivorous fish are abundant. Some resource partitioning was found in bottlenose dolphins in Irish waters consistent with previous genetic and stable isotope analysis studies. Bottlenose dolphins in Irish waters appears to be generalist feeders consuming more than 30 prey species, however most of the diet comprised a few locally abundant species, especially gadoid fish including haddock/pollack/saithe group and Trisopterus spp., but the contribution of Atlantic hake, conger eels and the pelagic planktivorous horse mackerel were also important. Stomach content information suggests that three different feeding behaviours might occur in bottlenose dolphin populations in Irish waters; firstly a coastal behaviour, with animals feeding on prey that mainly inhabit areas close to the coast; secondly an offshore behaviour where dolphins feed on offshore species such as squid or mesopelagic fish; and a third more complex behaviour that involves movements over the continental shelf and close to the shelf edge. The other three coastal marine mammal species (harbour porpoise, harbour seal and grey seal) were found to be feeding on similar prey and competition for food resources among these sympatric species might occur. Both species of seals were found to have a high overlap (more than 80%) in their diet composition, but while grey seals feed on large fish (>110mm), harbour seals feed mostly on smaller fish (<110mm), suggesting some spatial segregation in foraging. Harbour porpoises and grey seals are potentially competing for the same food resource but some differences in prey species were found and some habitat partitioning might occur. Direct interaction (by catch) between dolphins and fisheries was detected in all species. Most of the prey found in the stomach contents from both stranded and by catch dolphins were smaller sizes than those targeted by commercial fisheries. In fact, the total annual food consumption of the species studied was found to be very small (225,160 tonnes) in comparison to fishery landings for the same area (~2 million tonnes). However, marine mammal species might be indirectly interacting with fisheries, removing forage fish. Incorporating the dietary information obtained from the four coastal species, an ECOPATH food web model was established for the Irish Sea, based on data from 2004. Five trophic levels were found, with bottlenose dolphins and grey and harbour seals occurring at the highest trophic level. A comparison with a previous model based on 1973 data suggests that while the overall Irish Sea ecosystem appears to be “maturing”, some indices indicate that the 2004 fishery was less efficient and was targeting fish at higher trophic levels than in 1973, which is reflected in the mean trophic level of the catch. Depletion or substantial decrease of some of the Irish Sea fish stocks has resulted in a significant decline in landings in this area. The integration of diet information in mass-balance models to construct ecosystem food-webs will help to understand the trophic role of these apex predators within the ecosystem

건설업 고위험 직종별 유해인자 노출 평가

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 보건대학원 보건학과, 2021. 2. 윤충식.건설업은 노동의존도가 매우 높은 산업으로, 건설업 근로자는 작업과정 중 다양한 유해인자에 복합적으로 노출되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나, 작업장 이동이 많고, 단위작업 장소에서의 작업시간이 짧으며, 작업환경이 지속적으로 변화하는 특성으로 인해 노출되는 유해인자의 농도수준 및 특성에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 못하다. 이번 연구는 건설업 근로자의 직종별 노출 유해인자를 조사하고, 직업성 암 등 건강장해 발생 위험이 높은 직종(지하 굴착공, 콘크리트 마감공, 방수도장공, 용접공, 아스팔트 도로포장공)을 우선대상으로 선정하여 발암성 물질을 중심으로 유해인자 노출농도 수준 및 농도에 영향을 주는 환경변수 등을 평가하였다. 먼저, 탑다운 공법을 적용한 주상복합 건축물 신축현장 4개소의 지하 굴착작업 중 발생하는 원소탄소 (elemental carbon, EC), 다환방향족탄화수소 (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs), 호흡성 산화규소 결정체 (respirable crystalline silica, RCS)의 노출농도 수준을 살펴보았다. EC 농도는 권고기준인 20 ㎍/㎥을 초과하는 시료가 전체의 약 50 %를 차지하였다. RCS의 기하평균(geometric mean, GM)농도는 노출기준인 0.05 ㎎/㎥의 1.5배를 초과하였다. 주요 환경변수로 암석지반, 높은 장비 밀집도, 발파작업, 환기조건이 나쁠수록 EC 및 RCS 농도수준이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히, 작업환경개선이 가장 우선 적용되어야할 대상은 상부가 밀폐된 경암 지반의 현장이었다. 지하 굴착작업장에서 디젤엔진배출물 및 산화규소 노출을 최소화하기 위한 노력으로 작업장 상부를 최대한 개방하여 충분한 환기를 실시하고, 살수를 통한 습식작업환경 조성, 노후 차량의 교체, 차량의 정기 점검 및 유지 보수, 및 저유황유 사용 등의 개선조치가 필요하다. 아파트 건설현장 8개소의 콘크리트 마감작업(할석, 그라인딩, 미장작업)에 대한 RCS 노출 농도를 평가하였다. RCS의 GM 농도는 콘크리트 그라인딩 작업에서 2.06 ㎎/㎥, 할석작업에서 0.12 ㎎/㎥로 노출기준인 0.05 ㎎/㎥의 각 40배 및 2배를 초과하였다. 콘크리트 그라인딩 작업 중 RCS 농도는 계단실 (4.18 ㎎/㎥), 세대내부 (2.76 ㎎/㎥), 지하작업장 (1.30 ㎎/㎥) 등 작업 공간 체적이 작을수록 농도수준이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 작업환경개선이 가장 우선 적용되어야할 대상은 작업공간이 작은 장소에서의 콘크리트 연마작업이었다. 건설현장 콘크리트 마감 작업 중에서 RCS 노출을 저감하기 위해서는 환기캡을 적용한 국소배기장치의 사용, 습식작업 등의 작업환경개선이 시급하며, 공학적 개선과 함께 호흡보호구의 철저한 지급․착용 및 밀착도 검사, 주기적인 건강검진 모니터링이 필요하다. 건설현장 도장작업자에 대한 휘발성 유기화합물(volatile organic compounds, VOCs) 노출수준을 살펴보기 위해 8개 건설현장에서 우레탄 방수작업에 대해 평가하였다. VOCs의 혼합물질 노출지수(exposure index, EI; 노출기준=1)의 GM은 국내 노출기준(Korea occupational exposure limits, KOEL)의 약 78%수준이었으며, KOEL을 초과하는 시료가 전체시료의 약 38.6%로 작업환경관리가 요구되는 수준이다. 더욱이, EI를 미국 ACGIH TLVs에 따라 산출하면, EI의 GM이 1.84로 KOEL의 약 2배 수준으로 매우 높았다. 혼합물질 평가에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 물질은 톨루엔이었다. 작업별로는 실내 우레탄 프라이머 도포 작업에서 노출농도가 가장 높았다. 건설현장 도장작업자의 건강관리를 위해 도료 구성성분 중 발암성 물질과 생식독성물질은 최대한 유해성이 낮은 물질로 대체하고, 농도수준에 따라 적절한 보호계수를 갖는 개인보호구의 지급 및 착용 및 지속적인 노출평가와 건강검진 실시결과에 대한 사후관리가 필요하다. 또한, 실내 작업의 경우는 환기장치를 가동하고 작업을 진행하여 유기화합물 노출을 최소화 하여야 한다. 건설현장 일반건축물 배관용접공, 화학플랜트 배관용접공, 철골용접공, 소각플랜트 보일러 제작 용접공, 금속마감용접공을 대상으로 용접흄 및 금속류에 대한 노출농도(GM) 수준을 살펴보았다. 용접흄의 농도는 일반건축물 배관공 (4.75 ㎎/㎥)> 철골용접공 (3.77 ㎎/㎥) > 보일러제작용접공 (1.38 ㎎/㎥)> 금속마감용접공 (0.78 ㎎/㎥) > 화학플랜트 배관용접공(0.71 ㎎/㎥) 순으로 높았다. 용접기법에 따른 용접흄 농도는 CO2용접 (2.08 ㎎/㎥) > 피복아크용접 (1.54 ㎎/㎥) > TIG용접 (0.70 ㎎/㎥) 순으로 높았고, 동일한 직종의 일반건축물 배관용접작업에서 지하공간 (7.75 ㎎/㎥)과 지상층 실내공간 (2.15 ㎎/㎥)의 용접흄 농도차이는 약 3.6배로 더욱 커서 작업장 환기조건이 용접흄 농도에 중요한 환경변수 임을 알 수 있었다. 용접작업 위험도가 높은 일반건축물의 배관용접과 철골용접작업, 지하공간에서의 용접작업, CO2 용접작업 등을 수행할 시에는 환기장치 사용과 호흡용 보호구 착용 등 철저한 작업환경관리와 작업 시 아크까지 일정거리 유지, 적정 용접전류 선택 등 용접흄 발생을 최소화할 수 있는 근로자 안전보건교육이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 아스팔트 도로포장을 실시하는 건설현장 3개소에서 아스팔트 흄(벤젠추출법) 및 다환방향족탄화수소(PAHs) 농도를 직종별로 살펴보았다. 아스팔트 흄(벤젠추출법) 농도의 직종별 차이를 살펴보면, 포장특공 (42.32 ㎍/㎥), 포설장비 운전원 (41.57 ㎍/㎥), 머캐덤 운전원 (31.9 ㎍/㎥), 타이어 운전원 (30.31 ㎍/㎥) 순으로 높았다. 아스팔트 흄은 노출기준 500 ㎍/㎥의 약 10% 수준으로 매우 낮았으나, PAHs의 경우, 대기환경 농도와 비교하면 수백배 높은 농도수준이었으며, 도료, 타르 제조업 등 타 업종과 비교하여 총 PAHs 농도는 낮았으나, 세부물질 중 Benzo(a)pyrene 농도가 상대적으로 높은 특성이 있었다. 또한 아스팔트 도로포장 작업의 경우 주변 건물 및 풍속 등 환경변수에 따른 농도변이가 매우 큰 특성이 있으므로 다양한 작업현장을 대상으로 추가적인 노출평가 연구가 요구된다. 이번 연구를 통해 그동안 잘 알려져 있지 못한 건설업 근로자의 유해인자 및 노출농도 수준을 확인할 수 있었다. 직종별 노출평가 결과에서 대부분의 작업이 노출기준을 초과하여 직업성 암 등 건강장해 발생 위험이 높은 수준임을 확인할 수 있었다. 베이시안(Bayesian) 통계기법을 활용한 평가자료의 95% 상위값이 노출기준을 초과할 확률을 살펴보면, 지하굴착공의 원소탄소 및 산화규소(결정체), 콘크리트 할석, 그라인딩공의 산화규소(결정체), 도장공의 휘발성 유기화합물, 일반건축물 배관용접공 및 철골용접공의 용접흄 농도는 약 5% 이상의 작업자는 노출기준을 초과할 우려가 있음으로 평가되어 작업환경개선이 요구되었다. 또한, 건설현장의 특성상 평가그룹별 농도의 변이수준이 높음을 확인하였으며, 향후 작업환경측정 시 변이를 고려한 적정 시료수, 반복측정 및 유사노출그룹 선정과 추정 상한치 등을 통한 위험수준 평가 적용이 필요함을 알 수 있었다. 평가농도에 영향을 미치는 주요 환경변수는 작업장의 환기조건, 건축재료, 작업방식 등임을 확인하였으며, 직종별 특성에 맞는 지속적인 작업환경개선 노력과 설계단계에서부터 유해인자 노출을 감소시킬 수 있는 공법의 도입 등이 필요하다. 또한, 향후 건설업 특화된 작업환경측정 및 건강관리제도의 개선과 지속적인 노출평가 연구가 요구된다. 이번 연구결과는 건설노동자의 업무상 질병 역학조사 시, 노출농도 예측을 위한 자료로 활용가능하며, 연구결과를 통해 도출된 농도에 영향을 주는 주요 환경변수 및 개선방안에 따라 건설현장 작업환경개선에도 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.The construction industry is highly dependent upon human labor compared to other industries. Construction workers are exposed to various hazardous substances simultaneously. However, little is known about the exposure level of hazardous substances due to the characteristics of frequent workplace shifts, changes in the working environment, and the multi-level subcontractor structure. This study was aimed at (a) identifying the exposure hazards of construction workers, (b) conducting an exposure assessment of carcinogenic substances for high-risk construction workers (excavation workers, concrete finishers, waterproof painters, welders, and asphalt road pavers), and (c) determining the variables most affecting hazardous substances concentrations and work environment improvement methods for construction workers. Identification of the exposure hazards among construction workers by job type The exposure hazards of 27 construction jobs were identified and summarized through a literature review and walk-through survey. Construction workers were exposed to noise, vibrations, ultraviolet rays, solar radiation, various types of dust (cement, concrete, wood, glass wool, mineral, and gypsum), and chemicals such as crystalline silica, diesel engine exhaust, asphalt fumes, asbestos, lead, chromium, epoxy/urethane, isocyanate, carbon monoxide, metal fumes, and volatile organic compounds. The most frequently exposed seven hazards were noise, vibrations, solar radiation, crystalline silica, cement/concrete dust, metal fumes, and volatile organic compounds. As for the exposure characteristics, construction workers were exposed to various hazards simultaneously, including carcinogenic substances and those with adverse reproductive effects. Among construction workers, the job types with the highest risk of exposure to carcinogens, and in which occupational cancer has been reported, were excavation workers, concrete finishers, painters, welders, and asphalt road pavers. Exposure assessment of elemental carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and respirable crystalline silica among underground excavation workers The concentration of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and total carbon (TC) (n = 105), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (n = 50), respirable dust (RD) (n = 34) and respirable crystalline silica (RCS) (n=34) were evaluated inside and outside the excavator at an underground excavation worksite in four different construction sites. EC, OC, and TC were collected on a quartz filter and analyzed using the thermal optical transmittance method. PAHs were collected on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter with an XAD-2 tube and analyzed using liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. RD and RCS were collected on a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filter with aluminum cyclone and analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The geometric mean (GM) of respirable EC, OC, TC, total PAHs, RD, and RCS were 8.69 ㎍/㎥, 34.32 ㎍/㎥, 44.96 ㎍/㎥, 6.82 ㎍/㎥ 0.13 ㎎/㎥ and 0.02 ㎎/㎥ inside the excavator and 33.20 ㎍/㎥, 41.53 ㎍/㎥, 78.21 ㎍/㎥, 3.93 ㎍/㎥, 0.9 ㎎/㎥, and 0.08 ㎎/㎥, respectively, outside the excavator at the underground excavation worksite. The EC concentrations exceeded the recommended exposure limits as of 20 ㎍/㎥ accounted for about 50% of the total samples, and the GM of RCS outside the excavator exceeded 1.5 times the occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 0.05 ㎎/㎥. The worksites with hard rock ground, higher vehicle density, blasting work, and enclosed environments had higher worker exposure to EC than the other sites (p < 0.05). The most influential variables were the ground type and ventilation condition. In particular, in high-risk excavations in rocky ground and enclosed environments, more effort is needed to improve the working environment by introducing water-spraying facilities and supplying fresh air and ventilation. Furthermore, the replacement of old vehicles, regular vehicle maintenance, and the use of low sulfur oil is suggested. Exposure assessment of RD and RCS among concrete finishing workers The concentration of RD and RCS (n = 129) and the size distribution of the particles (n = 6) using a cascade impactor were evaluated at eight apartment complex construction sites. RD and RCS were collected on PVC filters with aluminum cyclone and analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The GM of RCS in concrete grinding (2.06 ㎎/㎥) and concrete chipping (0.12 ㎎/㎥) exceeded 40 times and two times the OEL of 0.05 ㎎/㎥, respectively. The highest concentration of RCS in concrete grinding work was found in the staircases (4.18 ㎎/㎥), followed by the inside walls of the apartment units (2.76 ㎎/㎥), underground parking lots (1.30 ㎎/㎥), and exterior walls (0.89 ㎎/㎥). The GM of RD from concrete chipping, grinding, and plastering was 1.78 ㎎/㎥, 49.96 ㎎/㎥, and 0.37 ㎎/㎥, respectively. The mass fraction of inhalable, thoracic, and respirable crystalline silica from concrete chipping was 73.9%, 40.2%, and 17.9% and 76.0%, 46.3%, and 19.7% from concrete grinding, respectively. The highest RCS concentration was reported in concrete grinding tasks, and the smaller the space, the higher the concentration. The most influential variables were the type of task and size of the workplace. During concrete grinding work, multiple control methods must apply to improve the work environment such as local exhaust ventilation system or water-spraying facilities targeting fine-dust (less than 10 ㎛), simultaneously with the application of high-efficiency respirators. Exposure assessment of total volatile organic compounds among construction waterproofing painters The concentration of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) in waterproof painting work was monitored at eight construction sites using an organic vapor monitor (n = 88). Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to identify and quantify the individual organic chemicals. The GM of the TVOCs exposure index (EI, OEL = 1) by work type was the highest when primer roller painting (1.2), followed by urethane resin spread painting (0.85), workplace area samples (0.83), mixing paint (0.53), and assisting the painter (0.35). The GM of the TVOCs EI by workplace was highest in the bathroom (1.4), followed by the swimming pool (1.37), pilot floor (0.89), ground parking lot (0.82), and rooftop (0.57). From this study, the GM of the TVOCs EI was about 78% the level of the Korea OEL (KOEL), and 38.6% of the total samples exceeded the OEL. However, when calculating the EI, according to the ACGIH-TLVs, the GM of TVOCs EI was 1.84, which was more than twice as high as when the KOEL was applied. The highest TVOCs concentration was reported in primer painting tasks in an indoor workplace. The most influential variables were the work environment (indoor vs. outdoor) and the solvent content of the paint. Indoor painting work must apply a ventilation system, and personal protective devices with an appropriate protection factor, and efforts are needed to substitute paints with fewer toxic substances. Exposure assessment of welding fumes and metals among construction welders. The concentration of welding fumes and metals (n = 206) was evaluated using PVC filters with gravimetric analysis and inductively coupled plasma at eight construction sites, including three apartments, two offices, two plant buildings, and one hospital. Among the different welding tasks, the welding fume exposure was the highest for general building pipefitters (4.75 ㎎/㎥), followed by ironworkers (3.77 ㎎/㎥), boilermakers (1.38 ㎎/㎥), metal finishing welders (0.78 ㎎/㎥), and chemical pipefitters (0.71 ㎎/㎥). Among the different welding techniques, welding fume concentrations were highest when CO2 welding (2.08 ㎎/m3), followed by shield metal arc welding (SMAW, 1.54 ㎎/㎥), and tungsten inert gas welding (TIG, 0.70 ㎎/㎥). Among the different workplaces, welding fume concentrations were highest at the underground workplace (7.75 ㎎/㎥) followed by the ground level workplace (2.15 ㎎/㎥). In particular, high-risk welding tasks as general building pipefitters and ironworkers, underground welding work, and CO2 welding techniques require more attention to occupational health management, including air supply and exhaust systems, and worker training on welding fume characteristics by welding base material and welding methods. Exposure assessment of asphalt fumes and PAHs among road pavers. The concentration of asphalt fume (benzene soluble, n = 42) and PAHs (n = 41) was analyzed at three asphalt road pavement construction sites. Asphalt fumes were sampled using PTFE filters. PAHs were sampled using an XAD-2 tube with a glass fiber filter and analyzed using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The exposure to asphalt fumes as benzene soluble aerosols was highest to road pavers (42.32 ㎍/㎥), followed by paver finisher operators (41.57 ㎍/㎥), macadam roller operators (31.9 ㎍/㎥), and tire roller operators (30.31 ㎍/㎥). The most influential variables were the asphalt temperature, the installation of hopper ventilation systems in the paver finisher, and the surrounding building conditions. The benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) was 2.81 for paver finisher operators, 2.07 for road pavers, 0.41 for tire roller operators, and 0.25 for macadam roller operators. The BaPeq values for asphalt road paving workers was higher than that for workers in other PAHs exposure occupations even though at lower total PAHs concentrations. This study confirmed the carcinogenic exposure hazards of asphalt road paving workers. This study identified hazardous substance exposure among construction workers. Construction workers were exposed to various hazards simultaneously. The exposure assessment of construction workers demonstrated that excavation workers (respirable EC and RCS), concrete finishers (RD and RCS), construction painters (TVOCs), and welders (welding fume for pipefitters, boilermakers, and ironworkers) had possibilities of at least more than 5% of the exposure evaluation samples exceeded the exposure limits and their work environment was evaluated as poorly controlled. Efforts are needed to eliminate hazards during design, substitute with less toxic materials and processes, remove workers from hazardous work, select appropriate equipment, reduce the time exposed to hazards, wear protective equipment and conduct regular health checks and concentration monitoring. The characteristics of the exposure in the construction industry showed large day-to-day variations due to the mobile and varied tasks. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to apply weights for variability when evaluating the work environment monitoring results for construction workers and manage the hazard concentration within the exposure limits. These variations should be applied to the decisions regarding the appropriate sample number, homogeneous exposure groups and the estimated upper limit of concentrations for risk assessment. This research data can be used to estimate the hazards exposure levels of construction workers when adjudicating occupational disease in health compensation insurance claims, and can contribute to improving the work environment at construction sites.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Characteristics of construction workers 1 1.2. Construction job types and hazards 3 1.3. High-risk construction workers 9 1.4. Research scope and overview 17 1.5. Objectives 19 2. Exposure Assessment of Elemental Carbon, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Respirable Crystalline Silica among Underground Excavation Workers 20 2.1. Introduction 20 2.2. Materials and methods 23 2.3. Results 29 2.4. Discussion 46 2.5. Conclusions 53 3. Exposure Assessment of Respirable Dust and Crystalline Silica among Concrete Finishing Workers 54 3.1. Introduction 54 3.2. Materials and methods 56 3.3. Results 62 3.4. Discussion 74 3.5. Conclusions 77 4. Exposure Assessment of Total Volatile Organic Compounds among Construction Painters 84 4.1. Introduction 84 4.2. Materials and methods 85 4.3. Results 90 4.4. Discussion 100 4.5. Conclusions 103 5. Exposure Assessment of Welding Fumes and Metals among Construction Welders 104 5.1. Introduction 104 5.2. Materials and methods 106 5.3. Results 109 5.4. Discussion 129 5.5. Conclusions 133 6. Exposure Assessment of Asphalt Fumes and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons among Road Pavers 134 6.1. Introduction 134 6.2. Materials and methods 136 6.3. Results 139 6.4. Discussion 147 6.5. Conclusions 151 7. Summary of conclusions 152 References 167 Appendix 185 국문초록 219Docto

Water Quality

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the factors and impacts influencing water quality in various locations worldwide. It discusses the use of new analytical and monitoring methods and novel technologies for decontamination and protection of polluted waters. It includes three sections that discuss monitoring and assessment of water quality, factors of water quality degradation, and methods for water quality improvement. Water quality is a global environmental concern affecting the socioeconomic development and functionality of various ecosystems. The protection of water quality requires adequate monitoring and assessment methods included in reliable watershed management plans

Terraces of the Tweed Valley

This study is concerned with an analysis of terrace forms in recently glacierised areas and in particular those existing in the Tweed Valley. It attempts to establish how significant terrace fragments are as records of geoaorphological evolution of an area, how easily they can be grouped and what has been the Late- and Post-Glacial history of the Tweed Valley. A review of some of the relevant literature on other, broadly comparable areas is followed by proposals for new definitions and a new classification of terrace fragments based on surface morphology and on downvalley gradient with cress valley height relationship respectively. The limits at which down and cross valley correlation can be carried out are discussed, along with the usual interpretations laid on the terrace sequences reported in the literature. A full discussion of both the possible and the employed means of mapping and heighting terrace fragments leads to the conclusion that, for the present purposes, only mapping on a scale of 1/10,560 and accurate levelling or tacheoraetric survey is suitable. As no recent account has summarised the geomorphological knowledge pertaining to the field area, the available literature has been summarised and added to in an analysis of the pre-terrace landscape elements, A detailed description of all of the mapped terrace fragments and associated fluvioglacial features is provided, arranged by splitting the Tweed Valley into three sub-areas. Virtually all of these terrace fragments were accurately heighted and the 11,000 resultant spot heights are reproduced in ap endix form and also on a series of vertical linear projection planes. The 'representative nature' of these results has been tested by taking a sample from the total number of fragments and statistically testing the variations in projected height and gradient possible by systematically excluding certain heights on a fragment. Correlation of individual fragments was carried out wherever possible, viewed in the light of distortions caused by the forms and distribution of the projection planes involved. A successful experiment involving the fitting of low order trend surfaces to individual fragments and the attempted correlation of these surfaces is reported. This employed spot heights in rectangular grid layouts on well-preserved fragments in the Fleurs Castle area. The value of steering these trend surfaces around valley meanders by changing the geographical coordinate system and the variation in trend surface form due to different point distribution patterns have also been investigated. The terrace sequence obtained for the whole valley is markedly different to those sequenoes often obtained in comparable areas, particularly in other parts of the British Isles. It consists essentially of several laterally-disparate suites of high gradient, ice-proximal outwash terraces, truncated at lower levels by low gradient ice-distant outwash terraces and Post-Glacial river terraces. The upstream extremities of the high gradient forms is believed to mark the approximate positions of still-stands or readvances of the downwasting ice mass formerly occupying the Tweed Valley

Urban pattern and architecture of traditional Omani foothill settlements: al-Ḥamrā and Birkat al-Mawz

Outside of Yemen, Oman arguably contains the most significant, active vernacular heritage within the Arabian Peninsula. While some research exists on settlement pattern and architecture of large settlements on the plains (e.g., Manah, Nizwa, Bahla World Heritage Site and Ibra), little research has taken place on the nature of Omani foothill settlements. The thesis makes an important contribution to Oman studies by addressing this gap through the study of the urban pattern and architecture of two vernacular foothill settlements – Ḥarāt al- Ḥamrā and Ḥarāt as-Saybānī in Birkat al- Mawz in the Dākhliya (Interior) region of central Oman. The two oasis towns evolved during the Yaariba Imamate (mid-17th century CE onwards) and served the purpose of harnessing the tribal support of two important groups in the process of consolidation – the Abriyīn and the Banī Riyām. This thesis argues that the two settlements – new towns by Omani standards – were unique additions to Omani settlement hierarchy, introducing a new category in between the larger settlements of the plains and the small, dispersed settlement pattern of the Oman Mountains. The settlements have been studied by analysing their morphology, or how they were established and evolved over time shaped by the key factors of topography, geology and tribal movement

The effect of priming seeds with plant growth regulators on the growth and development of rice

Water scarcity is a major concern for agricultural production worldwide. The staple crop, rice, is one of the most inefficient crops in its consumption of water using 30% of the world’s freshwater resources. Therefore, research for appropriate solutions to overcome this problem is necessary. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) could be one of these solutions, stimulating cell division and elongation in the root system during early plant growth, which can help seedlings to establish a strong root system. Increasing the root length of plants can allow them to access water at depth for a longer period and increase their tolerance to drought conditions. Seedling growth assays were conducted to investigate the effect of soaking seeds for 24 hours in different PGRs. Rice genotype IR64 was used to investigate the optimal time for seedling growth assays and to quantify the effects of soaking seeds in six PGRs at four different concentrations on seedling growth. Subsequently, twenty rice genotypes were investigated with one selected concentration and four PGRs compared with water (control) to highlight the variation in root and shoot trait responses. Genotype GHRAIBA was selected to investigate the effect of 1000 µM gibberellin (GA3) seed treatment on growth and development under drought stress. Results confirmed there was a significant response to GA3 treatment during the early growth stages. Although, this effect was not observed 40 days after sowing (DAS), at maturity (139 DAS) plants whose seeds were treated with 1000 µM GA3 had significantly (P<0.001) increased root fresh and dry weight. The transcriptional analysis of seedlings treated with GA3 showed only Os04g0612500 was upregulated. This gene is similar to a proline-rich protein which is involved in protein protection under stress. These results could be used to develop practical approaches to improve drought tolerance in rice crops

A New Connection Type for Use in Intermediate or Special Steel Moment Frames

Moment frames are one way to provide lateral stability to a building structure. For building structures that are located in high seismic regions, specific requirements are presented in applicable building codes pertaining to the moment connections used within these moment frames. The main factor required for these moment connections is their ability to resist cyclic moments at a relatively high drift specified within the applicable building code.This dissertation investigates the potential development of a new moment connection which would be appropriate for use in Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF) and Special Moment Frames (SMF). Two goals were set for this new moment connection. First, the moment connection would contain yielding elements that are easily replaceable after a seismic event while protecting the elements that are not replaceable. This goal is important as most (9 of 10) of the prequalified moment connections available for use in IMF and SMF systems sacrifice the beam during a major seismic event which could lead to the demolition of the structure. Second, the moment connection would not be a proprietary system. This goal is important as many (5 of 10) of the prequalified moment connections are proprietary systems that require payment for use. Also, proprietary systems tend to lead to less understanding by the engineer of record of the building structure as calculations for the moment connection are performed by a third party. The new proposed moment connection will be called the Yielding Threaded Rod, or YTR, moment connection. This connection contains a beam splice located a short distance away from the column to which it is connected. This beam splice has two components. First, a web connection is used to resist the beam shear. This web connection is a standard approved shear connection and is intended to resist shear only. Second, a flange connection is used to resist the beam moment as well as any axial load present in the beam. This flange connection is made with threaded rods connected to the two beam flanges. The threaded rods are sized to resist the forces present in the beam flange while also accommodating the deformations necessary to provide the specified seismic drifts without fracture. Both physical testing and an analytical model of the new proposed moment connection were carried out. Good correlation was found between the physical specimen and analytical model. Both indicated that the connection would be able to resist the required moments past the specified drifts. Therefore, the new proposed YTR moment connection may be a viable additional moment connection available to engineers for use in IMF and SMF systems

MAPPING QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI FOR GRAIN YIELD AND YIELD RELATED TRAITS IN A HEXAPLOID WINTER WHEAT DOUBLED HAPLOID POPULATION

Improving wheat grain yield potential is imperative to match the increasing food demand associated with a fast growing population. Genetic and modeling approaches were employed to investigate the genetic basis and phenotype network regarding grain yield and yield related traits in a soft red winter wheat doubled haploid population. The population and two parents were evaluated in five year-location trials in the USA and genotyped by high throughput DNA markers including simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Bi-parental linkage mapping identified a number of QTLs for grain yield and yield related traits among which sixty were for grain yield components (GYLD, grain yield; SPSM, spikes per square meter; TGW, thousand grain weight; GPS, grains per spike; GWPS, grain weight per spike), seventy four were for plant architecture (PHT, plant height; FLL, flag leaf length; FLW, flag leaf width; FLA, flag leaf area; FLS, flag leaf shape or length/width ratio), and one hundred and nine were for spike morphology (SL, spike length; TSN, total spikelet number per spike; FSN, fertile spikelet number per spike; SSN, sterile spikelet number per spike; SC, spike compactness; GSP, grains per spikelet). In addition, structural equation modeling is described to construct a phenotype network. It revealed that GSP and FSN may mediate yield component compensation. Furthermore, doubled haploid lines DH96 and DH84 may have potential as new high-yielding cultivars for the Mid-Atlantic region