21,867 research outputs found
Modeling self-organization in pedestrians and animal groups from macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints
This paper is concerned with mathematical modeling of intelligent systems,
such as human crowds and animal groups. In particular, the focus is on the
emergence of different self-organized patterns from non-locality and anisotropy
of the interactions among individuals. A mathematical technique by
time-evolving measures is introduced to deal with both macroscopic and
microscopic scales within a unified modeling framework. Then self-organization
issues are investigated and numerically reproduced at the proper scale,
according to the kind of agents under consideration.Comment: 24 pages, 13 figure
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Artificial Intelligence and the Common Sense of Animals
The problem of common sense remains a major obstacle to progress in artificial intelligence. Here, we argue that common sense in humans is founded on a set
of basic capacities that are possessed by many other animals, capacities pertaining
to the understanding of objects, space, and causality. The field of animal cognition
has developed numerous experimental protocols for studying these capacities and,
thanks to progress in deep reinforcement learning (RL), it is now possible to apply
these methods directly to evaluate RL agents in 3D environments. Besides evaluation, the animal cognition literature offers a rich source of behavioural data, which
can serve as inspiration for RL tasks and curricula
A learning approach to swarm-based path detection and tracking
Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Engenharia Electrotécnica e de ComputadoresThis dissertation presents a set of top-down modulation mechanisms for the modulation of the swarm-based visual saliency computation process proposed by Santana et al. (2010) in context of path detection and tracking. In the original visual saliency computation process, two swarms of agents sensitive to bottom-up conspicuity information interact via pheromone-like signals so as to converge on the most likely location of the path being sought. The behaviours ruling the agents’motion are composed of a set of perception-action rules that embed top-down knowledge about the path’s overall layout. This reduces ambiguity in the face of distractors. However, distractors with a
shape similar to the one of the path being sought can still misguide the system. To mitigate this issue, this dissertation proposes the use of a contrast model to modulate the conspicuity computation and
the use of an appearance model to modulate the pheromone deployment. Given the heterogeneity of the paths, these models are learnt online. Using in a modulation context and not in a direct image processing, the complexity of these models can be reduced without hampering robustness.
The result is a system computationally parsimonious with a work frequency of 20 Hz. Experimental results obtained from a data set encompassing 39 diverse videos show the ability of the proposed model to localise the path in 98.67 % of the 29789 evaluated frames
Proceedings of the Salford Postgraduate Annual Research Conference (SPARC) 2011
These proceedings bring together a selection of papers from the 2011 Salford Postgraduate Annual Research Conference(SPARC). It includes papers from PhD students in the arts and social sciences, business, computing, science and engineering, education, environment, built environment and health sciences. Contributions from Salford researchers are published here alongside papers from students at the Universities of Anglia Ruskin, Birmingham City, Chester,De Montfort, Exeter, Leeds, Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores and Manchester
Learning and Acting in Peripersonal Space: Moving, Reaching, and Grasping
The young infant explores its body, its sensorimotor system, and the
immediately accessible parts of its environment, over the course of a few
months creating a model of peripersonal space useful for reaching and grasping
objects around it. Drawing on constraints from the empirical literature on
infant behavior, we present a preliminary computational model of this learning
process, implemented and evaluated on a physical robot. The learning agent
explores the relationship between the configuration space of the arm, sensing
joint angles through proprioception, and its visual perceptions of the hand and
grippers. The resulting knowledge is represented as the peripersonal space
(PPS) graph, where nodes represent states of the arm, edges represent safe
movements, and paths represent safe trajectories from one pose to another. In
our model, the learning process is driven by intrinsic motivation. When
repeatedly performing an action, the agent learns the typical result, but also
detects unusual outcomes, and is motivated to learn how to make those unusual
results reliable. Arm motions typically leave the static background unchanged,
but occasionally bump an object, changing its static position. The reach action
is learned as a reliable way to bump and move an object in the environment.
Similarly, once a reliable reach action is learned, it typically makes a
quasi-static change in the environment, moving an object from one static
position to another. The unusual outcome is that the object is accidentally
grasped (thanks to the innate Palmar reflex), and thereafter moves dynamically
with the hand. Learning to make grasps reliable is more complex than for
reaches, but we demonstrate significant progress. Our current results are steps
toward autonomous sensorimotor learning of motion, reaching, and grasping in
peripersonal space, based on unguided exploration and intrinsic motivation.Comment: 35 pages, 13 figure
Self-Serving Assessments of Fairness and Pretrial Bargaining
A persistently troubling question in the legal-economic literature is why cases proceed to trial. Litigation is a negative-sum proposition for the litigants-the longer the process continues, the lower their aggregate wealth. Although civil litigation is resolved by settlement in an estimated 95 percent of all disputes, what accounts for the failure of the remaining 5 percent to settle prior to trial
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