On Link Estimation in Dense RPL Deployments

The Internet of Things vision foresees billions of devices to connect the physical world to the digital world. Sensing applications such as structural health monitoring, surveillance or smart buildings employ multi-hop wireless networks with high density to attain sufficient area coverage. Such applications need networking stacks and routing protocols that can scale with network size and density while remaining energy-efficient and lightweight. To this end, the IETF RoLL working group has designed the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). This paper discusses the problems of link quality estimation and neighbor management policies when it comes to handling high densities. We implement and evaluate different neighbor management policies and link probing techniques in Contiki’s RPL implementation. We report on our experience with a 100-node testbed with average 40-degree density. We show the sensitivity of high density routing with respect to cache sizes and routing metric initialization. Finally, we devise guidelines for design and implementation of density-scalable routing protocols

Dynamic RPL for Multi-hop Routing in IoT Applications

The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) has become the standard routing protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper investigates the use of RPL in dynamic networks and presents an enhanced RPL for different applications with dynamic mobility and diverse network requirements. This implementation of RPL is designed with a new dynamic Objective-Function (D-OF) to improve the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end-to-end delay and energy consumption while maintaining low packet overhead and loop-avoidance. We propose a controlled reverse-trickle timer based on received signal strength identification (RSSI) readings to maintain high responsiveness with minimum overhead and consult the objective function when a movement or an inconsistency is detected to help nodes make an informed decision. Simulations are done using Cooja with random waypoint mobility scenario for healthcare applications considering multi-hop routing. The results show that the proposed dynamic RPL (D-RPL) adapts to the nodes mobility and has a higher PDR, slightly lower end-to-end delay and reasonable energy consumption compared to related existing protocols

IETF standardization in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT): a survey

Smart embedded objects will become an important part of what is called the Internet of Things. However, the integration of embedded devices into the Internet introduces several challenges, since many of the existing Internet technologies and protocols were not designed for this class of devices. In the past few years, there have been many efforts to enable the extension of Internet technologies to constrained devices. Initially, this resulted in proprietary protocols and architectures. Later, the integration of constrained devices into the Internet was embraced by IETF, moving towards standardized IP-based protocols. In this paper, we will briefly review the history of integrating constrained devices into the Internet, followed by an extensive overview of IETF standardization work in the 6LoWPAN, ROLL and CoRE working groups. This is complemented with a broad overview of related research results that illustrate how this work can be extended or used to tackle other problems and with a discussion on open issues and challenges. As such the aim of this paper is twofold: apart from giving readers solid insights in IETF standardization work on the Internet of Things, it also aims to encourage readers to further explore the world of Internet-connected objects, pointing to future research opportunities

Leveraging upon standards to build the Internet of things

Smart embedded objects will become an important part of what is called the Internet of Things. However, the integration of embedded devices into the Internet introduces several challenges, since many of the existing Internet technologies and protocols were not designed for this class of devices. In the past few years, there were many efforts to enable the extension of Internet technologies to constrained devices. Initially, this resulted in proprietary protocols and architectures. Later, the integration of constrained devices into the Internet was embraced by IETF, moving towards standardized IP-based protocols. Long time, most efforts were focusing on the networking layer. More recently, the IETF CoRE working group started working on an embedded counterpart of HTTP, allowing the integration of constrained devices into existing service networks. In this paper, we will briefly review the history of integrating constrained devices into the Internet, with a prime focus on the IETF standardization work in the ROLL and CoRE working groups. This is further complemented with some research results that illustrate how these novel technologies can be extended or used to tackle other problems.The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2 007-2013) under grant agreement n°258885 (SPITFIRE project), from the iMinds ICON projects GreenWeCan and O’CareCloudS, and a VLI R PhD scholarship to Isam Ishaq

RPL And COAP Protocols, Experimental Analysis for IOT: A Case Study

Internet of Things(IoT) in recent days playing a vital role in networking related applications. However, there are several protocols available for building IoT applications, but RPL and CoAP are important protocols.There is a customized protocol requirement for specific IoT applications, while working on specific research problems. Further, adequate platforms are required to evaluate the performance of these protocols. These platforms need to be configured for the protocol, which is very crucial and timeconsuming task. At present, there is no collective and precise information available to carry out this work. This paper discusses two different open source platforms available for IoT. Also,various IoT research ideas need to design of IoT protocols. A few IoT communication technologies are mentioned in the paper. The detail analysis of, two common protocols, namely Routing Protocol for Low-Power Lossy Networks (RPL) and Constrained Application layer protocol (CoAP) is carried out with respect to latency delay and packet delivery ratio. The results, discussion and conclusion presented in this paper are useful for researchers, who are interested to work with IoT protocols and standards

6LoWPAN in Wireless Sensor Network with IoT in 5G Technology for Network Secure Routing and Energy Efficiency

Today, interconnection and routing protocols must discover the best solution for secure data transformation with a variety of smart devices due to the growing influence of information technology, such as Internet of Things (IoT), in human life. In order to handle routing concerns with regard to new interconnection approaches like the 6LoWPAN protocol, it is required to offer an improved solution. This research propose novel technique in 6LoWPAN network secure routing and energy efficiency (EE) for WSN in IoT application based on 5G technology. Here the energy optimization has been carried out using clustered channel aware least square support vector machine (Cl_CHLSSVM). Then the secure routing has been carried out using fuzzy based Routing Protocol for low-power and Lossy Networks with kernel-particle swarm optimization (Fuz_RPL_KPSO). To serve needs of IoT applications, proposed method is cognizant of both node priorities as well as application priorities. Applications' sending rate allocation is modeled as a constrained optimization issue.Pxperimental analysis is carried out in terms of throughput of 96%, weighted fairness index of 77%, end-to-end delay of 59%, energy consumption of 86%, and buffer dropped packets of 51%

Surfing the Internet-of-Things: lightweight access and control of wireless sensor networks using industrial low power protocols

Internet-of-Things (IoT) is emerging to play an important role in the continued advancement of information and communication technologies. To accelerate industrial application developments, the use of web services for networking applications is seen as important in IoT communications. In this paper, we present a RESTful web service architecture for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to enable remote data collection from sensor devices in WSN nodes. Specifically, we consider both IPv6 protocol support in WSN nodes as well as an integrated gateway solution to allow any Internet clients to access these nodes.We describe the implementation of a prototype system, which demonstrates the proposed RESTful approach to collect sensing data from a WSN. A performance evaluation is presented to illustrate the simplicity and efficiency of our proposed scheme

EC-CENTRIC: An Energy- and Context-Centric Perspective on IoT Systems and Protocol Design

The radio transceiver of an IoT device is often where most of the energy is consumed. For this reason, most research so far has focused on low power circuit and energy efficient physical layer designs, with the goal of reducing the average energy per information bit required for communication. While these efforts are valuable per se, their actual effectiveness can be partially neutralized by ill-designed network, processing and resource management solutions, which can become a primary factor of performance degradation, in terms of throughput, responsiveness and energy efficiency. The objective of this paper is to describe an energy-centric and context-aware optimization framework that accounts for the energy impact of the fundamental functionalities of an IoT system and that proceeds along three main technical thrusts: 1) balancing signal-dependent processing techniques (compression and feature extraction) and communication tasks; 2) jointly designing channel access and routing protocols to maximize the network lifetime; 3) providing self-adaptability to different operating conditions through the adoption of suitable learning architectures and of flexible/reconfigurable algorithms and protocols. After discussing this framework, we present some preliminary results that validate the effectiveness of our proposed line of action, and show how the use of adaptive signal processing and channel access techniques allows an IoT network to dynamically tune lifetime for signal distortion, according to the requirements dictated by the application

Development of a multicast routing protocol for low power and lossy networks

The Internet of things (IoT) is a new paradigm that has been gaining popularity in recent years. As the name "Internet of things" suggests, things surrounding us will be able to interact with each other and also connect to the Internet, thus forming a worldwide network of connected objects. The number of potential applications of this concept is huge and indudes various domains such as home environment, transportation, healthcare and so on. To enable the Internet of things, different technologies and standards have been proposed. Among them, the IP for Smart Objects (IPSO) alliance promotes the use of Internet Protocol (IP) as the network technology for IoT. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), as part of its IoT related activities, has been working on using IPv6 to connect devices in low power wireless personal area networks (LoWPANs). The devices operating in LoWPANs are constrained on resources such as memory, processing power and sometimes energy (in case, they are operating on battery). Hence protocols designed for such networks have to consider the limitations of the devices. There has been considerable research done to design protocols that enable and support IPv6 in LoWPANs. However, there is not much effort in the area of multicast communication. There are various scenarios where efficient multicast communication would be beneficial. For example, consider a group of lights in a room that can be controlled by an actuator. In such scenarios, well designed multicast protocols would be useful in saving resources of the nodes. In this thesis, we design and implement a multicast routing protocol for low power and lossy networks. The protocol is implemented on Contiki OS, an operating system developed for the Internet of things. In addition, we test this protocol using Cooja, a cross-layer simulator developed for Contiki OS