Issues in Routing Mechanism for Packets Forwarding: A Survey

Nowadays internet has become more popular to each and every one. It is very sensitive to nodes or links failure due to many known or unknown issues in the network connectivity. Routing is the important concept in wired and wireless network for packet transmission. During the packet transmission many times some of the problems occur, due to this packets are being lost or nodes not able to transmit the packets to the specific destination. This paper discusses various issues and approaches related to the routing mechanism. In this paper, we present a review and comparison of different routing algorithms and protocols proposed recently in order to address various issues. The main purpose of this study is to address issues for packet forwarding like network control management, load balancing, congestion control, convergence time and instability. We also focus on the impact of these issues on packet forwarding

A Cognitive Routing Framework for Reliable Communication in IoT for Industry 5.0

Industry 5.0 requires intelligent self-organized, self- managed and self-monitoring applications with ability to analyze and predict both the human as well as machine behaviors across interconnected devices. Tackling dynamic network behavior is a unique challenge for IoT applications in industry 5.0. Knowledge- Defined Networks (KDN) bridges this gap by extending SDN architecture with Knowledge Plane (KP) which learns the net- work dynamics to avoid sub-optimal decisions. Cognitive Routing leverages the Sixth-Generation (6G) Self-Organised-Networks with self-learning feature. This paper presents a self-organized cognitive routing frame- work for a KDN which uses link-reliability as a routing metric. It reduces end-to-end latency by choosing the most-reliable path with minimal probability of route-flapping. The proposed framework pre-calculates all possible paths between every pair of nodes and ensures self-healing with a constant-time convergence. An experimental test-bed has been developed to benchmark the proposed framework against the industry stranded Link- state and distance-vector routing algorithms SPF and DUAL respectively

Application of ant based routing and intelligent control to telecommunications network management

This thesis investigates the use of novel Artificial Intelligence techniques to improve the control of telecommunications networks. The approaches include the use of Ant-Based Routing and software Agents to encapsulate learning mechanisms to improve the performance of the Ant-System and a highly modular approach to network-node configuration and management into which this routing system can be incorporated. The management system uses intelligent Agents distributed across the nodes of the network to automate the process of network configuration. This is important in the context of increasingly complex network management, which will be accentuated with the introduction of IPv6 and QoS-aware hardware. The proposed novel solution allows an Agent, with a Neural Network based Q-Learning capability, to adapt the response speed of the Ant-System - increasing it to counteract congestion, but reducing it to improve stability otherwise. It has the ability to adapt its strategy and learn new ones for different network topologies. The solution has been shown to improve the performance of the Ant-System, as well as outperform a simple non-learning strategy which was not able to adapt to different networks. This approach has a wide region of applicability to such areas as road-traffic management, and more generally, positioning of learning techniques into complex domains. Both Agent architectures are Subsumption style, blending short-term responses with longer term goal-driven behaviour. It is predicted that this will be an important approach for the application of AI, as it allows modular design of systems in a similar fashion to the frameworks developed for interoperability of telecommunications systems

Optimization of BGP Convergence and Prefix Security in IP/MPLS Networks

Multi-Protocol Label Switching-based networks are the backbone of the operation of the Internet, that communicates through the use of the Border Gateway Protocol which connects distinct networks, referred to as Autonomous Systems, together. As the technology matures, so does the challenges caused by the extreme growth rate of the Internet. The amount of BGP prefixes required to facilitate such an increase in connectivity introduces multiple new critical issues, such as with the scalability and the security of the aforementioned Border Gateway Protocol. Illustration of an implementation of an IP/MPLS core transmission network is formed through the introduction of the four main pillars of an Autonomous System: Multi-Protocol Label Switching, Border Gateway Protocol, Open Shortest Path First and the Resource Reservation Protocol. The symbiosis of these technologies is used to introduce the practicalities of operating an IP/MPLS-based ISP network with traffic engineering and fault-resilience at heart. The first research objective of this thesis is to determine whether the deployment of a new BGP feature, which is referred to as BGP Prefix Independent Convergence (PIC), within AS16086 would be a worthwhile endeavour. This BGP extension aims to reduce the convergence delay of BGP Prefixes inside of an IP/MPLS Core Transmission Network, thus improving the networks resilience against faults. Simultaneously, the second research objective was to research the available mechanisms considering the protection of BGP Prefixes, such as with the implementation of the Resource Public Key Infrastructure and the Artemis BGP Monitor for proactive and reactive security of BGP prefixes within AS16086. The future prospective deployment of BGPsec is discussed to form an outlook to the future of IP/MPLS network design. As the trust-based nature of BGP as a protocol has become a distinct vulnerability, thus necessitating the use of various technologies to secure the communications between the Autonomous Systems that form the network to end all networks, the Internet

A prediction-based model for consistent adaptive routing in back-bone networks at extreme situations

To reduce congestion, numerous routing solutions have been proposed for backbone networks, but how to select paths that stay consistently optimal for a long time in extremely congested situations, avoiding the unnecessary path reroutings, has not yet been investigated much. To solve that issue, a model that can measure the consistency of path latency difference is needed. In this paper, we make a humble step towards a consistent differential path latency model and by predicting base on that model, a metric Path Swap Indicator (PSI) is proposed. By learning the history latency of all optional paths, PSI is able to predict the onset of an obvious and steady channel deterioration and make the decision to switch paths. The effect of PSI is evaluated from the following aspects: (1) the consistency of the path selected, by measuring the time interval between PSI changes; (2) the accuracy of the channel congestion situation prediction; and (3) the improvement of the congestion situation. Experiments were carried out on a testbed using real-life Abilene traffic datasets collected at different times and locations. Results show that the proposed PSI can stay consistent for over 1000 s on average, and more than 3000 s at the longest in our experiment, while at the same time achieving a congestion situation improvement of more than 300% on average, and more than 200% at the least. It is evident that the proposed PSI metric is able to provide a consistent channel congestion prediction with satisfiable channel improvement at the same time. The results also demonstrate how different parameter values impact the result, both in terms of prediction consistency and the congestion improvement

On Cross-Layer Routing in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks

International audienc

Study of BGP Convergence Time

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), a path vector routing protocol, is a widespread exterior gateway protocol (EGP) in the internet. Extensive deployment of the new technologies in internet, protocols need to have continuous improvements in its behavior and operations. New routing technologies conserve a top level of service availability. Hence, due to topological changes, BGP needs to achieve a fast network convergence. Now a days size of the network growing very rapidly. To maintain the high scalability in the network BGP needs to avoid instability. The instability and failures may cause the network into an unstable state, which significantly increases the network convergence time. This paper summarizes the various approaches like BGP policies, instability, and fault detection etc. to improve the convergence time of BGP

Equal cost multipath routing in IP networks

IP verkkojen palveluntarjoajat ja loppukäyttäjät vaativat yhä tehokkaampia ja parempilaatuisia palveluita, mikä vaatii tuotekehittäjiä tarjoamaan hienostuneempia liikennesuunnittelumenetelmiä verkon optimointia ja hallintaa varten. IS-IS ja OSPF ovat standardiratkaisut hoitamaan reititystä pienissä ja keskisuurissa pakettiverkoissa. Monipolkureititys on melko helppo ja yleispätevä tapa parantaa kuorman balansointia ja nopeaa suojausta tällaisissa yhden polun reititykseen keskittyvissä verkoissa. Tämä diplomityö kirjoitettiin aikana, jolloin monipolkureititys toteutettiin Tellabs-nimisen yrityksen 8600-sarjan reitittimiin. Tärkeimpiä kohtia monipolkureitityksen käyttöönotossa ovat lyhyimmän polun algoritmin muokkaukseen ja reititystaulun toimintaan liittyvät muutokset ohjaustasolla sekä kuormanbalansointialgoritmin toteutus reitittimen edelleenkuljetustasolla. Diplomityön tulokset sekä olemassa oleva kirjallisuus osoittavat, että kuormanbalansointialgoritmilla on suurin vaikutus yhtä hyvien polkujen liikenteen jakautumiseen ja että oikean algoritmin valinta on ratkaisevan tärkeää. Hajakoodaukseen perustuvat algoritmit, jotka pitävät suurimman osan liikennevuoista samalla polulla, ovat dominoivia ratkaisuja nykyisin. Tämän algoritmityypin etuna on helppo toteutettavuus ja kohtuullisen hyvä suorituskyky. Liikenne on jakautunut tasaisesti, kunhan liikennevuoiden lukumäärä on riittävän suuri. Monipolkureititys tarjoaa yksinkertaisen ratkaisun, jota on helppo konfiguroida ja ylläpitää. Suorituskyky on parempi kuin yksipolkureititykseen perustuvat ratkaisut ja se haastaa monimutkaisemmat MPLS ratkaisut. Ainoa huolehdittava asia on linkkien painojen asettaminen sillä tavalla, että riittävästi kuormantasauspolkuja syntyy.Increasing efficiency and quality demands of services from IP network service providers and end users drive developers to offer more and more sophisticated traffic engineering methods for network optimization and control. Intermediate System to Intermediate System and Open Shortest Path First are the standard routing solutions for intra-domain networks. An easy upgrade utilizes Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP) that is one of the most general solutions for IP traffic engineering to increase load balancing and fast protection performance of single path interior gateway protocols. This thesis was written during the implementation process of the ECMP feature of Tellabs 8600 series routers. The most important parts in adoption of ECMP are changes to shortest path first algorithm and routing table modification in the control plane and implementation of load balancing algorithm to the forwarding plane of router. The results of the thesis and existing literature prove, that the load balancing algorithm has the largest affect on traffic distribution of equal cost paths and the selection of the correct algorithm is crucial. Hash-based algorithms, that keep the traffic flows in the same path, are the dominating solutions currently. They provide simple implementation and moderate performance. Traffic is distributed evenly, when the number of flows is large enough. ECMP provides a simple solution that is easy to configure and maintain. It outperforms single path solutions and competes with more complex MPLS solutions. The only thing to take care of is the adjustment of link weights of the network in order to create enough load balancing paths

Multicast Delivery of IPTV Over the Internet

Television represents one of the greatadvancements in information delivery. Traditionally, televisionservice has been delivered using dedicated communicationmethods such as terrestrial and satellite based wirelesstransmissions and fixed cable based transmissions. Some of thesedelivery mechanisms have advanced and now provide servicesincluding voice and Internet access. Another communicationmethod, traditional telephone service, has greatly improvedand expanded to deliver services such as television and Internetaccess.This convergence of service provides cost savings, allowingproviders to utilize existing communication networks to deliveradditional services to its customers, often at minimal or zeroinfrastructure cost. One disadvantage of this method is customerreach is still limited to those with access to dedicated serviceprovider networks. The ability to disengage television servicefrom these dedicated networks and move it to a more ubiquitousnetwork would greatly improve the customer reach of theproviders.The most obvious network choice for a delivery mediumis the Internet. Given that television delivery mechanisms havealready started the progression towards IPTV, the service isa natural fit. One issue hindering this transition is bandwidthavailability. In private delivery networks, the issue of bandwidthavailability for IPTV is often combated through the use of IPMulticasting. Considering the Internet is already believed to bebandwidth constrained, the use of multicasting could be deemeda requirement. The following paper will explore current issueswith deploying IPTV over the Internet, the use of multicast tocombat some of these problems, and the inherent challenges ofpushing multicast based IPTV services over the Internet