Pendekatan Deep Learning Untuk Prediksi Durasi Perjalanan

Setiap orang dalam kehidupan memiliki kecenderungan untuk berpindah dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya. Perpindahan tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan berbagai macam cara seperti menggunakan transportasi pribadi atau umum (bus, taksi, pesawat, dan kereta api), Pada perkembangan teknologi saat ini mode transportasi sudah semakin canggih. Akan tetapi masih ada mode transportasi yang belum modern misalnya seperti taksi, dimana salah satunya tidak dapat memprediksi lama waktu perjalanan. Meskipun sudah ada taksi yang berbasis online seperti Uber, akan tetapi masih banyak taksi yang belum berbasis online sehingga tidak bisa dilakukan estimasi waktu dan jarak. Permasalahan di atas dapat diselesaikan dengan cara melakukan pendekatan berbasis pembelajaran mesin. Salah satu keuntungan yang didapatkan jika kita dapat mengetahui lama waktu estimasi perjalanan yaitu dapat mengatur waktu perjalanan sesuai dengan rutinitas yang sedang dikerjakan ataupun juga dapat menghemat biaya yang dikeluarkan dengan mengetahui jarak yang akan dijalankan. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi durasi perjalanan pada dataset New York taxi trip duration menggunakan pendekatan deep learning yaitu Long Short Term Memory Reccurent Neural Network (LSTM-RNN). Eksperimen dilakukan dengan melakukan tuning parameter terkait seperti epoch, nilai dropout, dan neurons. Pengukuran hasil menggunakan nilai Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) dan nilai loss. Hasil yang didapatkan menggunakan model LSTM-RNN sebesar 0,0012 untuk nilai loss dan RMSE 0,4

QoE-Aware Resource Allocation For Crowdsourced Live Streaming: A Machine Learning Approach

In the last decade, empowered by the technological advancements of mobile devices and the revolution of wireless mobile network access, the world has witnessed an explosion in crowdsourced live streaming. Ensuring a stable high-quality playback experience is compulsory to maximize the viewers’ Quality of Experience and the content providers’ profits. This can be achieved by advocating a geo-distributed cloud infrastructure to allocate the multimedia resources as close as possible to viewers, in order to minimize the access delay and video stalls. Additionally, because of the instability of network condition and the heterogeneity of the end-users capabilities, transcoding the original video into multiple bitrates is required. Video transcoding is a computationally expensive process, where generally a single cloud instance needs to be reserved to produce one single video bitrate representation. On demand renting of resources or inadequate resources reservation may cause delay of the video playback or serving the viewers with a lower quality. On the other hand, if resources provisioning is much higher than the required, the extra resources will be wasted. In this thesis, we introduce a prediction-driven resource allocation framework, to maximize the QoE of viewers and minimize the resources allocation cost. First, by exploiting the viewers’ locations available in our unique dataset, we implement a machine learning model to predict the viewers’ number near each geo-distributed cloud site. Second, based on the predicted results that showed to be close to the actual values, we formulate an optimization problem to proactively allocate resources at the viewers’ proximity. Additionally, we will present a trade-off between the video access delay and the cost of resource allocation. Considering the complexity and infeasibility of our offline optimization to respond to the volume of viewing requests in real-time, we further extend our work, by introducing a resources forecasting and reservation framework for geo-distributed cloud sites. First, we formulate an offline optimization problem to allocate transcoding resources at the viewers’ proximity, while creating a tradeoff between the network cost and viewers QoE. Second, based on the optimizer resource allocation decisions on historical live videos, we create our time series datasets containing historical records of the optimal resources needed at each geo-distributed cloud site. Finally, we adopt machine learning to build our distributed time series forecasting models to proactively forecast the exact needed transcoding resources ahead of time at each geo-distributed cloud site. The results showed that the predicted number of transcoding resources needed in each cloud site is close to the optimal number of transcoding resources

Human pose and skeleton reconstruction with deep neural networks from mmWave radar point clouds

The foreseen adoption of millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication systems in our everyday life has increased the research interest on using this technology for sensing applications. Previous work has shown that the reflections of the signals transmitted by a mmWave device can be used to localize objects or people in the environment and analyze their movement. Higher carrier frequencies, with their large bandwidth availability are key to obtain better spatial resolution, effectively allowing the usage of dedicated mmWave radar devices for the fine-grained analysis of human gaits. This is of particular interest in bio-mechanical motion tracking systems used in clinical and rehabilitation contexts, which are typically based on expensive and impractical marker-based devices. In this work we design and implement a deep-learning framework for mmWave radar-based motion tracking of human gait, which can reconstruct the position of a set of key points on the human body from the raw radar signal during motion. The proposed system extracts point clouds representing the moving subject, making use of signal processing and tracking techniques to remove noise from static objects and interference. Then, we adapt a state-of-the-art Neural Network (NN) for point clouds, Pointnet++, to our sparse and noisy radar data and propose a modification of the architecture to exploit the temporal correlation of radar point clouds. The results obtained on our own dataset show promising results despite the technical limitations of the motion tracking system used as a ground truth to train the proposed NN. Our system can reconstruct the position of 30 markers placed on the subject’s body with an average accuracy of 17 cm, paving the road for future work on mmWave markerless motion tracking based on a larger and more diverse set of measurements

Propuesta de implementación de un método de predicción del RTT basado en RNA alternativo al método de predicción estándar del protocolo SCTP para la transmisión de flujos multimedia

El objetivo central de la investigación es proponer la implementación de un método alternativo de predicción del valor del RTT (Round Trip Time o Tiempo de Ida y Vuelta), perteneciente al protocolo SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol o Protocolo de Control de Transmisión de Flujos), cuando se encuentra frente a entornos con altas exigencias de red. Para llevar a cabo esto se desplegó un entorno de red con exigencias elevadas de recursos, a través del cual se transmitieron flujos multimedia. La información relacionada a la asociación establecida entre los nodos, fue capturada, procesada y analizada. Estas acciones permitieron determinar las variables que definirían el valor del RTT, que son el Jitter y Packet Loss Rate. Posteriormente, se recurrió al diseño e implementación de las RNA (Redes Neuronales Artificiales). Esta actividad exigió realizar la evaluación de varios modelos diseñados para la estimación del RTT, lo cual supuso una evaluación de modelos, prueba – error. A fin de determinar el impacto de la estimación del método basado en RNA, se utilizaron indicadores para medir diferentes aspectos de los modelos. De esta forma, se puede asegurar que la evaluación comparativa se hace sometido a las mismas condiciones, para ambos métodos.The central objective of the research is to propose the implementation of an alternative method of predicting the RTT (Round Trip Time) value, belonging to the SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) protocol, when faced with environments with high network demands. To accomplish this, a network environment with high resource demands was deployed, through which multimedia streams were transmitted. The information related to the association established between the nodes was captured, processed and analyzed. These actions allowed to determine the variables that would define the value of the RTT, which are the Jitter and Packet Loss Rate. Subsequently, the design and implementation of the ANN (Artifitial Neural Networks) were used. This activity required the evaluation of several models designed for the estimation of the RTT, which involved an evaluation of models, trial - error. In order to determine the impact of the estimation of the ANN-based method, indicators were used to measure different aspects of the models. In this way, it can be ensured that the comparative evaluation is carried out under the same conditions for both methods

Naturalistic Driver Intention and Path Prediction using Machine Learning

Autonomous vehicles are still yet to be available to the public. This is because there are a number of challenges that have not been overcome to ensure that autonomous vehicles can safely and efficiently drive on public roads. Accurate prediction of other vehicles is vital for safe driving, as interacting with other vehicles is unavoidable on public streets. This thesis explores reasons why this problem of scene understanding is still unsolved, and presents methods for driver intention and path prediction. The thesis focuses on intersections, as this is a very complex scenario in which to predict the actions of human drivers. There is very limited data available for intersection studies from the perspective of an autonomous vehicle. This thesis presents a very large dataset of over 23,000 vehicle trajectories, used to validate the algorithms presented in this thesis. This dataset was collected using a lidar based vehicle detection and tracking system onboard a vehicle. Analytics of this data is presented. To determine the intent of vehicle at an intersection, a method for manoeuvre classification through the use of recurrent neural networks is presented. This allows accurate predictions of which destination a vehicle will take at an unsignalised intersection, based on that vehicle's approach. The final contribution of this thesis presents a method for driver path prediction, based on recurrent neural networks. It produces a multi-modal prediction for the vehicle’s path with uncertainty assigned to each mode. The output modes are not hand labelled, but instead learned from the data. This results in there not being a fixed number of output modes. Whilst the application of this method is vehicle prediction, this method shows significant promise to be used in other areas of robotics

Distributed cloud-edge analytics and machine learning for transportation emissions estimation

(English) In recent years IoT and Smart Cities have become a popular paradigm of computing that is based on network-enabled devices connected providing different functionalities, from sensor measures to domotic actions. With this paradigm, it is possible to provide to the stakeholders near-realtime information of the field, e.g. the current pollution of the city. Along with the mentioned paradigms, Fog Computing enables computation near the sensors where the data is produced, i.e. Edge nodes. This paradigm provides low latency and fault tolerance given the possible independence of the sensor devices. Moreover, pushing this computation enables derived results in a near-realtime fashion. This ability to push the computation to where the data is produced can be beneficial in many situations, however it also requires to include in the Edge the data preparation processes that ensure the fitness for use of the data as the incoming data can be erroneous. Given this situation, Machine Learning can be useful to correct data and also to produce predictions of the future values. Even though there have been studies regarding on the uses of data at the Edge, to our knowledge there is no evaluation of the different modeling situations and the viability of the approach. Therefore, this thesis aims to evaluate the possibility of building a distributed system that ensures the fitness for use of the incoming data through Machine Learning enabled Data Preparation, estimates the emissions and predicts the future status of the city in a near-realtime fashion. We evaluate the viability through three contributions. The first contribution focuses on forecasting in a distributed scenario with road traffic dataset for evaluation. It provides a robust solution to build a central model. This approach is based on Federated Learning, which allows training models at the Edge nodes and then merging them centrally. This way the models in the Edge can be independent but also can be synchronized. The results show the trade-off between accuracy versions training time and a comparison between low-powered devices versus server-class machines. These analyses show that it is viable to use Machine Learning with this paradigm. The second contribution focuses on a particular use case of ship emission estimation. To estimate exhaust emissions data must be correct, which is not always the case. This contribution explores the different techniques available to correct ship registry data and proposes the usage of simple Machine Learning techniques to do imputation of missing or erroneous values. This contribution analyzes the different variables and their relationship to provide the practitioners with guidelines for correction and data treatment. The results show that with classical Machine Learning it is possible to improve the state-of-the-art results. Moreover, as these algorithms are simple enough, they can be used in an Edge device if required. The third contribution focuses on generating new variables from the ones available with a ship trace dataset obtained from the Automatic Identification System (AIS). We use a pipeline of two different methods, a Neural Networks and a clustering algorithm, to group movements into movement patterns or \emph{behaviors}. We test the predicting power of these behaviors to predict ship type, main engine power, and navigational status. The prediction of the main engine power is compared against the standard technique used in ship emission estimation when the ship registry is missing. Our approach was able to detect 45\% of the otherwise undetected emissions if the baseline method was to be used. As ship navigational status is prone to error, the behaviors found are proposed as an alternative variable based in robust data. These contributions build a framework that can distribute the learning processes and that resists network failures in low-powered devices.(Español) En los últimos años, IoT y las Smart Cities se han convertido en un paradigma popular de computación que se basa en dispositivos conectados a la red que proporcionan diferentes funcionalidades, desde medidas de sensores hasta acciones domóticas. Con este paradigma, es posible tener información en casi tiempo real, como por ejemplo la contaminación actual de la ciudad. Junto con los paradigmas mencionados, Fog Computing permite computar cerca de donde se producen los datos, es decir, los nodos Edge. Este paradigma proporciona baja latencia y tolerancia a fallos dada la posible independencia de los dispositivos sensores. Esta posibilidad puede ser beneficiosa en muchas situaciones, sin embargo, requiere incluir en el Edge los procesos de preparación de datos que aseguran la idoneidad para su uso, ya que los datos entrantes pueden ser erróneos. Ante esta situación, el Machine Learning es útil para corregir datos y también para producir predicciones de los valores futuros. A pesar de que se han realizado estudios sobre los usos de los datos en el Edge, hasta donde sabemos, no hay una evaluación de las diferentes situaciones de modelado y la viabilidad del enfoque. Por lo tanto, esta tesis tiene como objetivo evaluar la posibilidad de construir un sistema distribuido que garantice que los datos sean correctos a través de su preparación con Machine Learning. También el sistema deberá estimar las emisiones y predecir el estado futuro de la ciudad de una manera casi en tiempo real. La viabilidad se evalúa a través a través de tres contribuciones. La primera contribución se centra en escenario distribuido con un conjunto de datos de tráfico vial que proporciona una solución robusta para construir un modelo central. Este enfoque se basa en Federated Learning, que permite entrenar modelos en los nodos Edge y luego fusionarlos de forma centralizada. De esta manera, los modelos en el Edge pueden ser independientes, pero también se pueden sincronizar. Los resultados muestran la comparación de la precisión con un modelo central y uno distribuido y una comparación con dispositivos de bajo consumos contra servidores. Estos análisis muestran que es viable utilizar el Machine Learning en este paradigma. La segunda contribución se centra en un caso de uso particular de estimación de las emisiones de barcos. Para estimar las emisiones, los datos deben ser correctos, cosa que no siempre pasa. Esta contribución explora las diferentes técnicas disponibles para corregir los datos del registro de barcos y propone el uso de técnicas simples de Machine Learning para hacer imputación de valores faltantes o erróneos. Esta contribución analiza las diferentes variables y su relación para proporcionar a los profesionales pautas para la corrección y el tratamiento de datos. Los resultados muestran que con el Machine Learning clásico es posible mejorar los resultados frente a métodos del estado del arte. Además, como estos algoritmos son lo suficientemente simples como para poder utilizarse en dispositivos Edge. La tercera contribución se centra en generar nuevas variables a partir de las disponibles con un conjunto de datos de trazabilidad de barcos obtenido del Sistema AIS. Esto se hace utilizando en conjunto una red neuronal y un algoritmo de agrupación para agrupar los movimientos en patrones de movimiento o comportamientos. Se evalúa su funcionamiento para predecir el tipo de barco, la potencia del motor principal y el estado de navegación. Con esta predicción, nuestro sistema es capaz de detectar el 45% de las emisiones que no se detectan con métodos standard. Como el estado de navegación del barco es propenso a errores, los comportamientos encontrados se proponen como una variable alternativa basada en datos robustos. Estas contribuciones constituyen un marco para distribuir los procesos de aprendizaje y que resiste errores en la red con dispositivos de bajo consumo.Arquitectura de computador

Advances in Public Transport Platform for the Development of Sustainability Cities

Modern societies demand high and varied mobility, which in turn requires a complex transport system adapted to social needs that guarantees the movement of people and goods in an economically efficient and safe way, but all are subject to a new environmental rationality and the new logic of the paradigm of sustainability. From this perspective, an efficient and flexible transport system that provides intelligent and sustainable mobility patterns is essential to our economy and our quality of life. The current transport system poses growing and significant challenges for the environment, human health, and sustainability, while current mobility schemes have focused much more on the private vehicle that has conditioned both the lifestyles of citizens and cities, as well as urban and territorial sustainability. Transport has a very considerable weight in the framework of sustainable development due to environmental pressures, associated social and economic effects, and interrelations with other sectors. The continuous growth that this sector has experienced over the last few years and its foreseeable increase, even considering the change in trends due to the current situation of generalized crisis, make the challenge of sustainable transport a strategic priority at local, national, European, and global levels. This Special Issue will pay attention to all those research approaches focused on the relationship between evolution in the area of transport with a high incidence in the environment from the perspective of efficiency