Neural-Network Vector Controller for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives: Simulated and Hardware-Validated Results

This paper focuses on current control in a permanentmagnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The paper has two main objectives: The first objective is to develop a neural-network (NN) vector controller to overcome the decoupling inaccuracy problem associated with conventional PI-based vector-control methods. The NN is developed using the full dynamic equation of a PMSM, and trained to implement optimal control based on approximate dynamic programming. The second objective is to evaluate the robust and adaptive performance of the NN controller against that of the conventional standard vector controller under motor parameter variation and dynamic control conditions by (a) simulating the behavior of a PMSM typically used in realistic electric vehicle applications and (b) building an experimental system for hardware validation as well as combined hardware and simulation evaluation. The results demonstrate that the NN controller outperforms conventional vector controllers in both simulation and hardware implementation

MPPT control design for variable speed wind turbine

Variable speed wind turbine systems (VSWT’s) have been in receipt of extensive attention among the various renewable energy systems. The present paper focuses on fuzzy fractional order proportional-integral (FFOPI) control segment for variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) directly driving permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The main objective of this study is to reach maximum power point tracking (MPPT) through combination of advanced control based on FFOPI control applied to generator side converter (turbine and PMSG). The basic idea of the FFOPI controller is to implement a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in cascade with Fractional Order Proportional Integral controller (FOPI). A comparative study with FOPI and classical PI control schemes is made. The traditional PI controller cannot deliver a sufficiently great performance for the VSWT. However, the results found that the proposed approach (FFOPI) is more effective and feasible for controlling the permanent magnet synchronous generator to mantain maximum power extraction. The validation of results has been performed through simulation using Matlab/Simulink®

Modern Control Approaches for a Wind Energy Conversion System based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) Fed by a Matrix Converter

This “paper proposes a super-twisting adaptive Control Approaches for a Wind Energy Conversion System Based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) Fed by a matrix sliding mode for tracking the maximum power point of wind energy conversion systems using permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs). As the adaptive control algorithm employed retains the robustness properties of classical wind energy conversion system control methods when perturbations and parameter uncertainties are present, it can be considered an effective solution; at the same time, it reduces chattering by adjusting gain and generating second-order adaptive control methods. The Egyptian power system (EPS), a three-zone interconnected microgrid (MG), and a single machine linked to the grid are only a few examples of the power systems for which this article introduces the concept of direct adaptive control (SMIB).The goal of our work is to maximize the captured power by solving a multi-input multi-output tracking control problem. In the presence of variations in stator resistance, stator inductance, and magnetic flux linkage, simulation results are presented using real wind speed data and discussed for the proposed controller and four other sliding mode control solutions for the same problem. The proposed controller achieves the best trade-off between tracking performance and chattering reduction among the five considered solutions: compared to a standard sliding mode control algorithm, it reduces chattering by two to five orders of magnitude, and steadystate errors on PMSG rotor velocity by one order of magnitude”. The purpose of this article is to examine wind turbine control system techniques and controller trends related to permanent magnet synchronous generators. The article presents an overview of the most popular control strategies for PMSG wind power conversion systems. There are several kinds of nonlinear sliding modes, such as direct power, backstepping, and predictive currents. To determine the performance of each control under variable wind conditions, a description of each control is presented, followed by a simulation performed in MATLAB /Simulink. This simulation evaluates the performance of each control in terms of reference tracking, response times, stability, and signal quality. Finally, this work was concluded with a comparison of the four controls to gain a better understanding of their effects. “Moreover, it reduces the above-mentioned steady-state error by four orders of magnitude compared to a previously-proposed linear quadratic regulator based integral sliding mode control law.  A dynamic model is simulated under both variable step and random wind speeds using the DEV-C++ software, and the results are plotted using MATLAB. The obtained results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed controller in spite of the presence of different uncertainties when compared to the classical direct torque control technique

Robust controller design: Recent emerging concepts for control of mechatronic systems

The recent industrial revolution puts competitive requirements on most manufacturing and mechatronic processes. Some of these are economic driven, but most of them have an intrinsic projection on the loop performance achieved in most of closed loops across the various process layers. It turns out that successful operation in a globalization context can only be ensured by robust tuning of controller parameter as an effective way to deal with continuously changing end-user specs and raw product properties. Still, ease of communication in non-specialised process engineering vocabulary must be ensured at all times and ease of implementation on already existing platforms is preferred. Specifications as settling time, overshoot and robustness have a direct meaning in terms of process output and remain most popular amongst process engineers. An intuitive tuning procedure for robustness is based on linear system tools such as frequency response and bandlimited specifications thereof. Loop shaping remains a mature and easy to use methodology, although its tools such as Hinf remain in the shadow of classical PID control for industrial applications. Recently, next to these popular loop shaping methods, new tools have emerged, i.e. fractional order controller tuning rules. The key feature of the latter group is an intrinsic robustness to variations in the gain, time delay and time constant values, hence ideally suited for loop shaping purpose. In this paper, both methods are sketched and discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages. A real life control application used in mechatronic applications illustrates the proposed claims. The results support the claim that fractional order controllers outperform in terms of versatility the Hinf control, without losing the generality of conclusions. The paper pleads towards the use of the emerging tools as they are now ready for broader use, while providing the reader with a good perspective of their potential

New trends in electrical vehicle powertrains

The electric vehicle and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle play a fundamental role in the forthcoming new paradigms of mobility and energy models. The electrification of the transport sector would lead to advantages in terms of energy efficiency and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, but would also be a great opportunity for the introduction of renewable sources in the electricity sector. The chapters in this book show a diversity of current and new developments in the electrification of the transport sector seen from the electric vehicle point of view: first, the related technologies with design, control and supervision, second, the powertrain electric motor efficiency and reliability and, third, the deployment issues regarding renewable sources integration and charging facilities. This is precisely the purpose of this book, that is, to contribute to the literature about current research and development activities related to new trends in electric vehicle power trains.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Advanced Mathematics and Computational Applications in Control Systems Engineering

Control system engineering is a multidisciplinary discipline that applies automatic control theory to design systems with desired behaviors in control environments. Automatic control theory has played a vital role in the advancement of engineering and science. It has become an essential and integral part of modern industrial and manufacturing processes. Today, the requirements for control precision have increased, and real systems have become more complex. In control engineering and all other engineering disciplines, the impact of advanced mathematical and computational methods is rapidly increasing. Advanced mathematical methods are needed because real-world control systems need to comply with several conditions related to product quality and safety constraints that have to be taken into account in the problem formulation. Conversely, the increment in mathematical complexity has an impact on the computational aspects related to numerical simulation and practical implementation of the algorithms, where a balance must also be maintained between implementation costs and the performance of the control system. This book is a comprehensive set of articles reflecting recent advances in developing and applying advanced mathematics and computational applications in control system engineering

Modelos dinâmicos de sistemas de conversão de energia eólica ligados à rede eléctrica

Esta tese incide sobre o tema de modelos dinâmicos de sistemas de conversão de energia eólica ligados à rede eléctrica, integrando tanto quanto possível a dinâmica relevante presente na realidade do sistema. O sistema de conversão de energia eólica é constituído por: uma turbina eólica de velocidade variável; um sistema de transmissão descrito respectivamente por um veio de uma, duas ou três massas; um gerador síncrono com excitação assegurada por meio de ímanes permanentes; um conversor electrónico de potência descrito respectivamente por um conversor de dois níveis, um conversor multinível, ou um conversor matricial. A rede eléctrica é descrita respectivamente por uma fonte de tensão sem distorção harmónica ou com distorção originada pela terceira harmónica. Os comportamentos que advêm do facto da energia eólica não ser uma fonte controlável de energia, mas também de eventuais falhas no funcionamento dos dispositivos que conduzem os sistemas de conversão de energia eólica, são estudados nesta tese recorrendo à simulação computacional. Assim, no contexto dos impactes sobre a rede eléctrica, é estudado o conteúdo harmónico injectado na rede assumindo respectivamente que a velocidade do vento não apresenta perturbações ou apresenta perturbações que originam a assimetria no alinhamento do sistema de conversão de energia eólica em relação ao vento, o efeito de sombra da torre e as oscilações mecânicas nas pás. São apresentadas novas contribuições no contexto de eventuais falhas de controlo, quer das pás da turbina, quer dos conversores de potência, sendo estudada a operação impondo transitoriamente que o ângulo de passo das pás da turbina transite para a posição de rajada de vento ou um erro nas combinações de comutação dos conversores. Em ambos os contextos, são realizados estudos envolvendo uma nova estratégia de controlo mediante o uso de controladores de ordem fraccionária, comparando com o comportamento do controlo clássico

Control Theory in Engineering

The subject matter of this book ranges from new control design methods to control theory applications in electrical and mechanical engineering and computers. The book covers certain aspects of control theory, including new methodologies, techniques, and applications. It promotes control theory in practical applications of these engineering domains and shows the way to disseminate researchers’ contributions in the field. This project presents applications that improve the properties and performance of control systems in analysis and design using a higher technical level of scientific attainment. The authors have included worked examples and case studies resulting from their research in the field. Readers will benefit from new solutions and answers to questions related to the emerging realm of control theory in engineering applications and its implementation

Análise e simulação de falhas em conversores AC-DC-AC num sistema de energia eólica

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica, ramo de EnergiaEsta dissertação incide sobre o tema de falhas em conversores AC -DC-AC num sistema de energia eólica. O sistema de energia eólica é constituído por seis turbinas eólicas de velocidade variável com uma potência nominal de 1.5 MW, sendo que cada uma possui: um sistema mecânico de transmissão de energia que é descrito por um veio de duas massas; um gerador de indução com rotor duplamente alimentado; uma caixa de velocidades e um conversor eletrónico de potência de dois níveis. As turbinas eólicas produzem energia a um nível de tensão de 575 V que é depois elevada para um nível de tensão de 25 kV de modo a que se interligue com a rede elétrica utilizando uma linha elétrica com um comprimento de 30 kmsendo por fim elevada para um nível de tensão de 120 kV na subestação ligada à rede elétrica. Os comportamentos do sistema de energia eólica que advêm de falhas no funcionamento dos dispositivos que conduzem os sistemas de conversão de energia eólica, em particular, no conversor AC-DC-AC são simulados. Estas falhas são analisadas de modo a investigar o comportamento do sistema de energia eólica perante cada uma das falhas.Abstract: This dissertation focuses on the theme of malfunctions in AC-DC-AC converter of a wind power system. The wind turbine system has six variable speed wind turbines with a rated output of 1.5 MW, having each of wind turbine: a mechanical power transmission system which is described by a shaft of the two masses; a doubly fed induction generator; a gearbox and anelectronic power converter of two levels. The wind turbines produce power at a 575 V voltage level, then voltage is raised into a 25 kV voltage level so that it is interconnected to the electric network using a power line with a length of 30 km and finally raised to a 120 kV voltage level. The behaviors of wind power systems that come from malfunctions of the devices that drive the wind energy conversion systems are simulated, in particular, on the AC-DC-AC converter. These malfunctions are analyzed in order to be able to investigate the wind power system behavior before each of the malfunctions.N/

Controlo e supervisão em sistemas de conversão de energia eólica

A tese inclui o estudo e a análise do desempenho de um sistema de conversão de energia eólica onshore. Numa primeira fase são estudados os modelos matemáticos de uma turbina eólica de velocidade variável com controlo de potência por ajuste do ângulo do passo da pá. Seguidamente, são estudados diferentes tipos de controladores tais como controladores de ordem inteira, controladores de ordem fracionária, controladores de lógica difusa, controladores adaptativos e controladores preditivos e é efetuado o estudo de um supervisor baseado em máquinas de estados finitos. Os controladores estão incluídos numa estrutura hierárquica com dois níveis, situados no nível inferior, e têm como função controlar a potência elétrica de saída tendo como referência a potência nominal. No nível superior está incluído o supervisor, baseado em máquinas de estados finitos que tem como função determinar os estados operacionais de acordo com a velocidade de vento. Os modelos matemáticos estudados são integrados nas simulações computacionais para o sistema de conversão de energia eólica e os resultados numéricos obtidos permitem concluir sobre o desempenho do sistema ligado à rede elétrica. O sistema de conversão de energia eólica é constituído por uma turbina eólica de velocidade variável, um sistema de transmissão mecânico descrito por um veio de duas massas, uma caixa de velocidades, um gerador de indução com o rotor duplamente alimentado e um conversor eletrónico de energia de dois níveis; CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OF WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS Abstract: The thesis includes the study and analysis of the performance of an onshore wind energy conversion system. First, mathematical models of a variable speed wind turbine with pitch control are studied, followed by the study of different controller types such as integer order controllers, fractional order controllers, fuzzy logic controllers, adaptive controllers and predictive controllers and the study of a supervisor based on finite state machines is also studied. The controllers are included in the lower level of a hierarchical structure composed by two levels whose objective is to control the electrical output power around the rated power. The supervisor included at the higher level is based on finite state machines whose objective is to analyze the operational states according to the wind speed. The studied mathematical models are integrated into computer simulations for the wind energy conversion system and the obtained numerical results allow for the performance assessment of the system connected to the electric grid. The wind energy conversion system is composed by a variable speed wind turbine, a mechanical transmission system described by a two mass drive train, a gearbox, a doubly fed induction generator rotor and by a two level converter