State of charge estimation based on adaptive algorithm for Lead-Acid battery

The usage of batteries in recent years has become widespread in many fields e.g. in electric vehicles, energy renewable and stand-alone systems which require a robust approach for estimation of the state of charge (SOC). The SOC represents an important factor to guaranty safe operations. A lot of methods have been used to predict the state of charge. The coulomb counting method is the famous and widely used among them, but have limitation due to its accuracy. Another used approach is the Kalman Filter, which improves the estimation efficiency, to reach a good performance in SOC prediction. The version of adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) technique is applied in this paper. This paper presents an experimental performance of technique of Kalman filter, for solving the problem of accurate SOC. The method is used to compute the terminal voltage in such a way to estimate the SOC. The proposed algorithm is based on preselected Thevenin model after the identification of its parameters. It has been used to predict the SOC based on nonlinear equations, and evaluation of the approach is verified with the experimental results. The final results signify that the estimation matched with the proposed model and the algorithm is performed optimally, thus the maximum soc estimation error is the fines

Modelling and estimation in lithium-ion batteries: a literature review

Lithium-ion batteries are widely recognised as the leading technology for electrochemical energy storage. Their applications in the automotive industry and integration with renewable energy grids highlight their current significance and anticipate their substantial future impact. However, battery management systems, which are in charge of the monitoring and control of batteries, need to consider several states, like the state of charge and the state of health, which cannot be directly measured. To estimate these indicators, algorithms utilising mathematical models of the battery and basic measurements like voltage, current or temperature are employed. This review focuses on a comprehensive examination of various models, from complex but close to the physicochemical phenomena to computationally simpler but ignorant of the physics; the estimation problem and a formal basis for the development of algorithms; and algorithms used in Li-ion battery monitoring. The objective is to provide a practical guide that elucidates the different models and helps to navigate the different existing estimation techniques, simplifying the process for the development of new Li-ion battery applications.This research received support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under projects MAFALDA (PID2021-126001OB-C31 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ ERDF,EU) and MASHED (TED2021-129927B-I00), and by FI Joan Oró grant (code 2023 FI-1 00827), cofinanced by the European Union.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Predicting the state of charge and health of batteries using data-driven machine learning

Machine learning is a specific application of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn and improve from data and experience via sets of algorithms, without the need for reprogramming. In the field of energy storage, machine learning has recently emerged as a promising modelling approach to determine the state of charge, state of health and remaining useful life of batteries. First, we review the two most studied types of battery models in the literature for battery state prediction: the equivalent circuit and physics-based models. Based on the current limitations of these models, we showcase the promise of various machine learning techniques for fast and accurate battery state prediction. Finally, we highlight the major challenges involved, especially in accurate modelling over length and time, performing in situ calculations and high-throughput data generation. Overall, this work provides insights into real-time, explainable machine learning for battery production, management and optimization in the future

Influence of Battery Parametric Uncertainties on the State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium Titanate Oxide-Based Batteries

State of charge (SOC) is one of the most important parameters in battery management systems, as it indicates the available battery capacity at every moment. There are numerous battery model-based methods used for SOC estimation, the accuracy of which depends on the accuracy of the model considered to describe the battery dynamics. The SOC estimation method proposed in this paper is based on an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and nonlinear battery model which was parameterized using extended laboratory tests performed on several 13 Ah lithium titanate oxide (LTO)-based lithium-ion batteries. The developed SOC estimation algorithm was successfully verified for a step discharge profile at five different temperatures and considering various initial SOC initialization values, showing a maximum SOC estimation error of 1.16% and a maximum voltage estimation error of 44 mV. Furthermore, by carrying out a sensitivity analysis it was showed that the SOC and voltage estimation error are only slightly dependent on the variation of the battery model parameters with the SOC

A review of fractional-order techniques applied to lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, and supercapacitors

Electrochemical energy storage systems play an important role in diverse applications, such as electrified transportation and integration of renewable energy with the electrical grid. To facilitate model-based management for extracting full system potentials, proper mathematical models are imperative. Due to extra degrees of freedom brought by differentiation derivatives, fractional-order models may be able to better describe the dynamic behaviors of electrochemical systems. This paper provides a critical overview of fractional-order techniques for managing lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries, and supercapacitors. Starting with the basic concepts and technical tools from fractional-order calculus, the modeling principles for these energy systems are presented by identifying disperse dynamic processes and using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Available battery/supercapacitor models are comprehensively reviewed, and the advantages of fractional types are discussed. Two case studies demonstrate the accuracy and computational efficiency of fractional-order models. These models offer 15–30% higher accuracy than their integer-order analogues, but have reasonable complexity. Consequently, fractional-order models can be good candidates for the development of advanced b attery/supercapacitor management systems. Finally, the main technical challenges facing electrochemical energy storage system modeling, state estimation, and control in the fractional-order domain, as well as future research directions, are highlighted