ECG Biometric Authentication: A Comparative Analysis

Robust authentication and identification methods become an indispensable urgent task to protect the integrity of the devices and the sensitive data. Passwords have provided access control and authentication, but have shown their inherent vulnerabilities. The speed and convenience factor are what makes biometrics the ideal authentication solution as they could have a low probability of circumvention. To overcome the limitations of the traditional biometric systems, electrocardiogram (ECG) has received the most attention from the biometrics community due to the highly individualized nature of the ECG signals and the fact that they are ubiquitous and difficult to counterfeit. However, one of the main challenges in ECG-based biometric development is the lack of large ECG databases. In this paper, we contribute to creating a new large gallery off-the-person ECG datasets that can provide new opportunities for the ECG biometric research community. We explore the impact of filtering type, segmentation, feature extraction, and health status on ECG biometric by using the evaluation metrics. Our results have shown that our ECG biometric authentication outperforms existing methods lacking the ability to efficiently extract features, filtering, segmentation, and matching. This is evident by obtaining 100% accuracy for PTB, MIT-BHI, CEBSDB, CYBHI, ECG-ID, and in-house ECG-BG database in spite of noisy, unhealthy ECG signals while performing five-fold cross-validation. In addition, an average of 2.11% EER among 1,694 subjects is obtained

SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION BASED ON NON-FIDUCIAL FEATURES OF THE ECG

The demand for reliable identification systems has grown recently. Using the mean frequency, median frequency, band power, and Welch power spectral density (PSD) of ECG data, we proposed a novel biometric approach in this study. ECG signals are more secure than other traditional biometric modalities because they are impossible to forge and duplicate. Three different support vector machine classifiers—linear SVM, quadratic SVM, and cubic SVM—are employed for the classification. The MIT-BIH arrhythmia database is used to evaluate the suggested method's precision. For the linear SVM, quadratic SVM, and cubic SVM, respectively, test accuracy of 93.6%, 96.4%, and 97.0% was obtained

SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION BASED ON NON-FIDUCIAL FEATURES OF THE ECG

The demand for reliable identification systems has grown recently. Using the mean frequency, median frequency, band power, and Welch power spectral density (PSD) of ECG data, we proposed a novel biometric approach in this study. ECG signals are more secure than other traditional biometric modalities because they are impossible to forge and duplicate. Three different support vector machine classifiers—linear SVM, quadratic SVM, and cubic SVM—are employed for the classification. The MIT-BIH arrhythmia database is used to evaluate the suggested method's precision. For the linear SVM, quadratic SVM, and cubic SVM, respectively, test accuracy of 93.6%, 96.4%, and 97.0% was obtained

Seamless Multimodal Biometrics for Continuous Personalised Wellbeing Monitoring

Artificially intelligent perception is increasingly present in the lives of every one of us. Vehicles are no exception, (...) In the near future, pattern recognition will have an even stronger role in vehicles, as self-driving cars will require automated ways to understand what is happening around (and within) them and act accordingly. (...) This doctoral work focused on advancing in-vehicle sensing through the research of novel computer vision and pattern recognition methodologies for both biometrics and wellbeing monitoring. The main focus has been on electrocardiogram (ECG) biometrics, a trait well-known for its potential for seamless driver monitoring. Major efforts were devoted to achieving improved performance in identification and identity verification in off-the-person scenarios, well-known for increased noise and variability. Here, end-to-end deep learning ECG biometric solutions were proposed and important topics were addressed such as cross-database and long-term performance, waveform relevance through explainability, and interlead conversion. Face biometrics, a natural complement to the ECG in seamless unconstrained scenarios, was also studied in this work. The open challenges of masked face recognition and interpretability in biometrics were tackled in an effort to evolve towards algorithms that are more transparent, trustworthy, and robust to significant occlusions. Within the topic of wellbeing monitoring, improved solutions to multimodal emotion recognition in groups of people and activity/violence recognition in in-vehicle scenarios were proposed. At last, we also proposed a novel way to learn template security within end-to-end models, dismissing additional separate encryption processes, and a self-supervised learning approach tailored to sequential data, in order to ensure data security and optimal performance. (...)Comment: Doctoral thesis presented and approved on the 21st of December 2022 to the University of Port