Cultural robotics : The culture of robotics and robotics in culture

Copyright 2013 Samani et al.; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly citedIn this paper, we have investigated the concept of "Cultural Robotics" with regard to the evolution o social into cultural robots in the 21st Century. By defining the concept of culture, the potential development of culture between humans and robots is explored. Based on the cultural values of the robotics developers, and the learning ability of current robots, cultural attributes in this regard are in the process of being formed, which would define the new concept of cultural robotics. According to the importance of the embodiment of robots in the sense of presence, the influence of robots in communication culture is anticipated. The sustainability of robotics culture based on diversity for cultural communities for various acceptance modalities is explored in order to anticipate the creation of different attributes of culture between robot and humans in the futurePeer reviewe

AI, Robotics, and the Future of Jobs

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Reduction of Market and Technology Uncertainty during the Front End of New Product Development

Tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheiden johtaminen on äärimmäisen tärkeää organisaation tutkimus- ja kehitystoiminnan menestymiselle, sillä tässä vaiheessa tehdyt päätökset vaikuttavat olennaisesti myös kehitystyön myöhempiin vaiheisiin. Keskeinen haaste tuotekehitysprosessin varhaisessa alkuvaiheessa on teknologiseen innovaatioon liittyvien markkina- ja teknologiaepävarmuuksien vähentäminen ja näihin liittyvän ymmärryksen lisääminen. Merkittävä syy uusien tuotteiden puutteille ja vakaville viivästymisille on epäonnistuminen tuotekonseptin, kohdemarkkinan ja tuotevaatimusten asianmukaisessa määrittelyssä ennen varsinaisen tuotekehityksen aloittamista. Menestyvät tutkimus- ja kehitysorganisaatiot kykenevät vähentämään markkinaan ja teknologiaan liittyviä epävarmuuksia jo tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheiden aikana. Mitä enemmän käyttäjän tarpeisiin ja teknologiaan liittyviä epävarmuuksia kyetään vähentämään, sitä paremmat mahdollisuudet kaupallisesti menestyvän tuotteen kehittämiselle ovat. Tämä tutkimus soveltaa viimeisintä teknologian käyttöönoton mallia (engl. Technology Acceptance Model 3, TAM3) tuomaan asiakkaan vaatimuksia tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheessa olevaan robottiteknologian kehitysprojektiin. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on ymmärtää missä määrin TAM3:a voidaan soveltaa vähentämään markkinaan ja teknologiaan liittyviä epävarmuuksia jo tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheen aikana. Tutkimuksessa markkinat jaetaan teknologian varhaisiin ja myöhäisiin käyttöönottajiin perustuen innovaation diffuusioteoriaan, ja TAM3mallin soveltuvuus arvioidaan myös markkinasegmenteille erikseen koko markkinan ohella. Tämän tutkimuksen monimenetelmällinen tutkimusasetelma jaetaan kahteen vaiheeseen. Vaiheessa 1 suoritetaan kvantitatiivinen tutkimus jossa 121 koekäyttäjää evaluoivat robottiteknologiaprototyyppiä ja osallistuvat TAM3-mallin teoreettisiin konstruktioihin perustuvaan kyselytutkimukseen. Kyselytutkimuksen aineistoa tulkittiin ja mallinnettiin rakenneyhtälömalleilla. Vaiheessa 2 vaiheen 1 TAM3aineisto ja tulokset esitetään robotiikan alueen tuotekehityksen asiantuntijaryhmälle, tarkoituksena arvioida TAM3-mallin tuottaman tietämyksen mahdollisuudet vähentää markkinaan ja teknologiaan perustuvaa epävarmuutta jo tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheessa. Tutkimuksen havainnot viittaavat merkittäviin eroihin TAM3-mallin käyttäytymisessä robotiikan teknologia-alueen tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheessa verrattuna mallin aiempiin sovelluksiin lähinnä tietojärjestelmäprojektien myöhemmässä kehitysvaiheessa. Osa TAM3-mallin sisäisistä ja ulkoisista konstruktioista käyttäytyvät perustavanlaatuisesti eri tavalla robotiikan tuotekehityksen alkuvaiheessa. Tämä tutkimus myös tuo esiin eroja teknologian varhaisten ja myöhäisten käyttöönottajien välillä perustuen TAM3-malliin. Lisäksi, tutkimuksen tulokset tarjoavat näkemyksiä, miten TAM3-malliin pohjautuva asiakasnäkökulma voi vähentää markkinaan ja teknologiaan liittyvää epävarmuutta tuotekehitysprosessin tärkeän ja haastavan alkuvaiheen aikana.The management of the fuzzy front-end (FFE) phase of innovation is pivotal to the underlying success of new product development (NPD) initiatives. A crucial challenge that research and development (R&D) teams face at this early, and often chaotic, FFE phase is dealing with market and technology uncertainty related to product and technology innovation under development. A remarkable cause of new product defects and serious delays is a failure to adequately define the product concept, target market, positioning, and requirements before beginning product development. Successful NPD teams are capable of performing uncertainty reduction during the FFE phase, and the more the innovation team reduces uncertainty with regard to user needs and technology, the higher the possibilities of producing a commercially successful product. This study employs the technology acceptance model 3 (TAM3) as the voice of the customer (VoC) to a robotics FFE project, with the aim of understanding the extent to which TAM3 can be applied beyond its typical information technology (IT) product development (PD) phase setting to reduce market- and technology-based uncertainty during the FFE phase. The market is divided into early and late adopters of technology based on the diffusion of innovations theory. Further, the applicability of TAM3 is evaluated for both market segments. The multimethod research setup is implemented in two phases. In Phase 1, a quantitative study is conducted in which 121 test users evaluated a technology prototype and participated in a survey based on TAM3 theoretical constructs. Survey data is analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLSSEM) technique. In Phase 2, the technology acceptance data collected from the early and late market segments was tested by a robotics R&D team to evaluate the capability of TAM3 to reduce market and technology uncertainty in the FFE phase. The findings suggest that there are significant differences in how the TAM3 performs in the robotics FFE phase compared to earlier findings mostly done in an IT PD setting. A few of the inner and outer constructs of TAM3 perform fundamentally differently in FFE. This research also reveals differences between the early and late market segments based on the TAM3 model. In addition, the results offer insight into how the TAM3-based VoC can reduce market and technology uncertainty during the important and challenging FFE phase