Evaluation of Carbon Footprint During the Life-Cycle of Four Different Pipe Materials

As the world is moving to provide a better and cleaner environment for future generations, there is a critical need to quantify and try to reduce the environmental emission footprints of various industries. The construction industry, which emits a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂ ), is one of the targeted industries to decrease these emissions. Underground utility installations, especially in the development of residential communities in urban areas, are one of the largest construction projects across North America and, consequently, one primary source of emissions. Most of the pipelines in the U.S. are rapidly reaching the end of their useful service life. Now they need replacing or rehabilitating. In general, the selection of a pipeline installation method is currently solved by selecting the lowest cost method. However, with an increase in the public concerns about reducing emissions into the environment generated by human activities, other factors should be taken into account while choosing the pipe material and the installation method for a new pipeline; namely social cost, and environmental impact. The common three greenhouses gases (GHG) are CO2, methane (C4), and nitrous oxide (N₂ O). CO₂ is the GHG responsible for the greatest amount of environmental impact. This parametric study and analysis focuses on the environmental impact (quantitative analysis the CO₂ emissions) for different pipeline materials during the lifecycle of pipeline and develops a framework which will help engineers and decisionmakers to choose the most environmentally friendly pipe material with low emission installation or rehabilitation methods. The life-cycle of a pipeline can be categorized into four phases: fabrication, installation, operation, and disposal. This study focuses on four commonly used types of pipe and liners: pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) liner, and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The energy consumed in the fabrication phase includes base material extraction, material production material processing, and pipe manufacturing. The major construction activities in the installation stage are transporting pipes and equipment to a job-site, excavation, loading, backfilling, compaction, and repaving. For this study, the pipeline installation analysis and consideration of CO₂ emissions have been made for three different installation methods: open cut with PCCP, pipe bursting with PVC and HDPE, and CIPP lining. The energy consumed in the operation phase includes pumping energy and pipe cleaning for maintenance. For the disposal phase, the study will consist of the energy consumed for disposing of the material of the pipes, which cannot be recycled. The objective of this study was to first quantify the carbon footprint, which has never been done for this application, and then to analyze the environmental sustainability of a 100-foot segment of pipeline during the installation, operation, and disposal phases. This study focused on a large-diameter 36-inch sewer pressure pipe operating at 100 psi internal pressure for 100-years life operation. The results show that the PVC pipe has the lowest environmental impact compared to PCCP, HDPE, or CIPP during the life-cycle of pipeline phases before and after the optimization

Cathodic Protection for Reinforced Concrete Structures: Present Practice and Moves Toward using Renewable Energy

Abstract: Cathodic protection (CP) limits the corrosion of a metal by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. This is achieved either by (i) using more active sacrificial anodes to create a driving current, or (ii) using inert anodes and impressing an external direct current (DC). This paper presents up-to-date CP systems available for reinforced concrete, particularly Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) and self-sufficient or renewable energy systems. The potential for overcoming the mismatch in energy provision from renewable sources (intermittent current) with energy needs for CP (constant current) is discussed by exploring novel designs and examining current requirments

Study on Ground Engineering and Management of Carbonate Oil Field A under Rolling Development Mode

Carbonate rock has the characteristics of complicated accumulation rules, large-scale development, high yield but unstable production. Therefore, the management and control of surface engineering projects of carbonate rock oil and gas reservoirs faces huge difficulties and challenges. The construction of surface engineering should conform to the principle of integrated underground and ground construction and adapt to the oilfield development model. This paper takes the newly added area A of the carbonated oil field as an example to study the ground engineering under the rolling development mode and aims to provide the constructive ideas for the surface engineering under rolling development mode. The overall regional process design adheres to the design concept of "environmental protection, efficiency, and innovation", strictly follows the design specifications, and combines reservoir engineering and oil production engineering programs, oil and gas physical properties and chemical composition, product programs, ground natural conditions, etc. According to the technical and economic analysis and comparison of area A, this paper has worked out a suitable surface engineering construction, pipeline network layout and oil and gas gathering and transportation plan for area A. Some auxiliary management recommendations are also proposed in this paper, like sand prevention management and HSE management for carbonate reservoirs

A Quantitative Research Study on Probability Risk Assessments in Critical Infrastructure and Homeland Security

This dissertation encompassed quantitative research on probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) elements in homeland security and the impact on critical infrastructure and key resources. There are 16 crucial infrastructure sectors in homeland security that represent assets, system networks, virtual and physical environments, roads and bridges, transportation, and air travel. The design included the Bayes theorem, a process used in PRAs when determining potential or probable events, causes, outcomes, and risks. The goal is to mitigate the effects of domestic terrorism and natural and man-made disasters, respond to events related to critical infrastructure that can impact the United States, and help protect and secure natural gas pipelines and electrical grid systems. This study provides data from current risk assessment trends in PRAs that can be applied and designed in elements of homeland security and the criminal justice system to help protect critical infrastructures. The dissertation will highlight the aspects of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP). In addition, this framework was employed to examine the criminal justice triangle, explore crime problems and emergency preparedness solutions to protect critical infrastructures, and analyze data relevant to risk assessment procedures for each critical infrastructure identified. Finally, the study addressed the drivers and gaps in research related to protecting and securing natural gas pipelines and electrical grid systems

Earthquake Disaster Risk Reduction in Iran: Lessons and ‘‘Lessons Learned’’ from Three Large EarthquakeDisasters—Tabas 1978, Rudbar 1990, and Bam 2003

This article addresses three large earthquake disasters in Iran: Tabas in 1978, Rudbar in 1990, and Bam in 2003. Lessons and "Lessons Learned" from these three earthquake disasters were investigated together with their contributions over time towards earthquake disaster risk reduction in Iran. Many lessons from 1978 Tabas, 1990 Rudbar, and 2003 Bam did not become "Lessons Learned" and they were identified again within the dramatic context of other earthquake disasters in various places of Iran. Both lessons and "Lessons Learned" from Tabas, Rudbar, Bam, and other earthquake disasters in Iran require a sustainable long-term framework-an earthquake culture.This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were mad

相互依存性を有するクリティカルインフラストラクチャーの地震時性能と地震災害マネジメントに関する研究

京都大学0048新制・課程博士博士(工学)甲第17142号工博第3632号新制||工||1551(附属図書館)29881京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻(主査）教授 清野 純史, 教授 小池 武, 准教授 古川 愛子学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering)Kyoto UniversityDFA

Natural and Technological Hazards in Urban Areas

Natural hazard events and technological accidents are separate causes of environmental impacts. Natural hazards are physical phenomena active in geological times, whereas technological hazards result from actions or facilities created by humans. In our time, combined natural and man-made hazards have been induced. Overpopulation and urban development in areas prone to natural hazards increase the impact of natural disasters worldwide. Additionally, urban areas are frequently characterized by intense industrial activity and rapid, poorly planned growth that threatens the environment and degrades the quality of life. Therefore, proper urban planning is crucial to minimize fatalities and reduce the environmental and economic impacts that accompany both natural and technological hazardous events