321 research outputs found

    The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC

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    High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC experiments. The proposed Forward Physics Facility (FPF), to be located several hundred meters from the ATLAS interaction point and shielded by concrete and rock, will host a suite of experiments to probe standard model (SM) processes and search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM). In this report, we review the status of the civil engineering plans and the experiments to explore the diverse physics signals that can be uniquely probed in the forward region. FPF experiments will be sensitive to a broad range of BSM physics through searches for new particle scattering or decay signatures and deviations from SM expectations in high statistics analyses with TeV neutrinos in this low-background environment. High statistics neutrino detection will also provide valuable data for fundamental topics in perturbative and non-perturbative QCD and in weak interactions. Experiments at the FPF will enable synergies between forward particle production at the LHC and astroparticle physics to be exploited. We report here on these physics topics, on infrastructure, detector, and simulation studies, and on future directions to realize the FPF's physics potential

    The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC

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    High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC experiments. The proposed Forward Physics Facility (FPF), to be located several hundred meters from the ATLAS interaction point and shielded by concrete and rock, will host a suite of experiments to probe standard model (SM) processes and search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM). In this report, we review the status of the civil engineering plans and the experiments to explore the diverse physics signals that can be uniquely probed in the forward region. FPF experiments will be sensitive to a broad range of BSM physics through searches for new particle scattering or decay signatures and deviations from SM expectations in high statistics analyses with TeV neutrinos in this low-background environment. High statistics neutrino detection will also provide valuable data for fundamental topics in perturbative and non-perturbative QCD and in weak interactions. Experiments at the FPF will enable synergies between forward particle production at the LHC and astroparticle physics to be exploited. We report here on these physics topics, on infrastructure, detector, and simulation studies, and on future directions to realize the FPF's physics potential

    Development of novel intra-articular injection formulations based on porous artificial cartilage

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    Osteoarthritis (OA) patients suffer from joint pain during daily activities, which affects more than 40% of people older than 70 years old. The intra-articular injection (IAI) with drug delivery systems (DDSs) has been developed for OA treatment, which relieves pain feeling for patients but is difficult to stay in the articular space sustainedly. As different materials has been used as the drug carriers in the DDSs, considered to the nanometre-sized cartilage pores on the surface, the present thesis aims to focus on the nanoparticles and improve the nanoparticle-based solution lubrication via in vitro tribological measurement on an artificial cartilage system. In this thesis, an artificial cartilage model was fabricated by porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which was applied as the substrate of the lubrication system in this thesis. The porosity of artificial cartilage varies from 54.6 ± 1.1% to 81.7 ± 0.7%, which is controlled by the sodium chloride fraction used in porous PDMS preparation. In combination with sodium chloride fraction and curing agent ratio, it is possible to control Young’s modulus and coefficient of friction (CoF). By increasing the sodium chloride fraction or curing agent ratio of porous PDMS, it was found that the Young’s modulus of porous PDMS decreases and the CoF of porous PDMS surface increases. With the coating of PVA, the porous PDMS surface was modified to hydrophilic as fresh cartilage, which increases the Young’s modulus and decreases the CoF of the models. The structural, elastic, and tribological characteristics of the set of artificial scaffolds are aligned with values for the different OA stages (stages 0 - 3) of degeneration of the cartilage tissues, as defined by the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS). Using the artificial cartilage models developed by PDMS coated with PVA, the nanopar- ticle solution parameters were found to impact the lubrication behaviour. The CoF of the nanoparticle solution was found to increase while the normal load increased, and the increase of nanoparticle size increases the CoF on the PDMS coated with PVA, which was increased from 0.042 ± 0.005 to 0.060 ± 0.025 when the size increased from 152.40 nm to 256.00 nm. A critical concentration of nanoparticles was found with the lowest CoF. While the nanoparticle concentration increases, the CoF of the nanoparticle solution decreases when the concentration is lower than the critical concentration and increases when higher. Synthesised nanogels provided more different choices of nanoparticles to be compared in the present study. Compared to different types of nanogels, the nanogel prepared under the condition of the microfluidic chip with 2 bars pressure showed the lowest CoF. Moreover, the nanogel showed much higher efficiency than silica nanoparticles in reducing CoF of poroelastic surface, including artificial models and human osteoarthritis cartilage. At the concentration of 0.1 mg ml−1, the CoF of nanogels (AEL 04) on human cartilage varies from 0.005 to 0.008, and the CoF of silica nanoparticles (Aerosil 150) is from 0.007 to 0.013. In addition, osteoarthritis articular cartilage mechanical properties were measured in this thesis with a wide range of Young’s modulus and CoF; and the porous structure of cartilage were exhibited in AFM and SEM images. Overall, this thesis replicated the articular cartilage with porous polymer materials, which fabricated a consistent artificial cartilage model with controllable mechanical proper- ties. Moreover, the thesis studied the lubrication system of nanosized particles. The findings advance the understanding of nanofluid tribological behaviour on the artificial cartilage and confirm the better lubrication efficiency of nanogels and the best type of nanogel, which provides guidance for the IAI formulation improvement and the drug carrier choice in future work

    The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC

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    GAC-MAC-SGA 2023 Sudbury Meeting: Abstracts, Volume 46

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    The Forward Physics Facility at the High-Luminosity LHC

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    High energy collisions at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) produce a large number of particles along the beam collision axis, outside of the acceptance of existing LHC experiments. The proposed Forward Physics Facility (FPF), to be located several hundred meters from the ATLAS interaction point and shielded by concrete and rock, will host a suite of experiments to probe standard model (SM) processes and search for physics beyond the standard model (BSM). In this report, we review the status of the civil engineering plans and the experiments to explore the diverse physics signals that can be uniquely probed in the forward region. FPF experiments will be sensitive to a broad range of BSM physics through searches for new particle scattering or decay signatures and deviations from SM expectations in high statistics analyses with TeV neutrinos in this low-background environment. High statistics neutrino detection will also provide valuable data for fundamental topics in perturbative and non-perturbative QCD and in weak interactions. Experiments at the FPF will enable synergies between forward particle production at the LHC and astroparticle physics to be exploited. We report here on these physics topics, on infrastructure, detector, and simulation studies, and on future directions to realize the FPF's physics potential

    The Fifteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting

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    The three volumes of the proceedings of MG15 give a broad view of all aspects of gravitational physics and astrophysics, from mathematical issues to recent observations and experiments. The scientific program of the meeting included 40 morning plenary talks over 6 days, 5 evening popular talks and nearly 100 parallel sessions on 71 topics spread over 4 afternoons. These proceedings are a representative sample of the very many oral and poster presentations made at the meeting.Part A contains plenary and review articles and the contributions from some parallel sessions, while Parts B and C consist of those from the remaining parallel sessions. The contents range from the mathematical foundations of classical and quantum gravitational theories including recent developments in string theory, to precision tests of general relativity including progress towards the detection of gravitational waves, and from supernova cosmology to relativistic astrophysics, including topics such as gamma ray bursts, black hole physics both in our galaxy and in active galactic nuclei in other galaxies, and neutron star, pulsar and white dwarf astrophysics. Parallel sessions touch on dark matter, neutrinos, X-ray sources, astrophysical black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, binary systems, radiative transfer, accretion disks, quasars, gamma ray bursts, supernovas, alternative gravitational theories, perturbations of collapsed objects, analog models, black hole thermodynamics, numerical relativity, gravitational lensing, large scale structure, observational cosmology, early universe models and cosmic microwave background anisotropies, inhomogeneous cosmology, inflation, global structure, singularities, chaos, Einstein-Maxwell systems, wormholes, exact solutions of Einstein's equations, gravitational waves, gravitational wave detectors and data analysis, precision gravitational measurements, quantum gravity and loop quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, strings and branes, self-gravitating systems, gamma ray astronomy, cosmic rays and the history of general relativity
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