Persuasion Monologue

The emphasis in most process-oriented models of argumentation is placed heavily upon analysis of dialogue. The current work puts forward an account which examines the argumentation involved in persuasive monologue, drawing upon commitment-based theories of dialogue. The various differences between monologue and dialogue are discussed, with particular reference to the possibility of designing a monologue game in which commitments are dynamically incurred and updated as the monologue is created. Finally, the computational advantages of adopting such an approach are explored in the context of an existing architecture for the generation of natural language arguments

Moffett and rhetoric

This examination of Moffett's contribution to a theory of school English concentrates on his understanding of rhetoric. It is suggested that the impetus for Teaching the Universe of Discourse is dialectical: he was running against currents in English teaching at the time that were literary and technical, as well as the specific practices of sentence combining and embedding. His introduction of rhetoric into debates about school English was a key move, as rhetoric had been seen by American contemporaries as related to higher education and public discourse (and drawing on classical models). Moffett's more generous notion of rhetoric as the ‘arts of discourse’ helped him chart a ‘larger rhetoric of behaviour’ and map out his curriculum and development model. It is a rhetoric that moves beyond the definition of the ‘art of persuasion’ to one based in drama, dialogue and dialectic

A Comparative Study On Anglo And Non-anglo Academic Discourse

This article showed that Anglo dialogic academic discourse cannot be separated from several aspects such as linear, more personal, writer responsible and focus on form. This writing convention isunderpinned by cultural tradition. Anglo community is influenced by democratic thought pattern belong to Socrates, who stressed the writing as a medium of negotiating meaning and creating knowledge and truth.. Meanwhile, the monologic discourse is found to be produced in non-Anglo communities which have no long democracy tradition. This academic discourse is characterized by impersonal tone, digressiveness, reader responsible and focus on content.. It encourages writer to use writing as a medium of showing knowledge, in which reader do not necessarily need to be guided in explicit and direct way, and assuming that they are intelligent human whom there is nothing much to be directed, guided and explained

Strategie i techniki formułowania uzasadnień orzeczeń sądowych

The structure of a judicial opinion is determined by specific legal provisions regulating particular kinds of proceedings. These provisions are of general character and specify only the basic elements of judicial opinions, and filling them with a content is a task for the authors. It can be done by using strategies and techniques of the preparation of judicial opinions, which are related to the result to be achieved and the tools that are used for this purpose. Different strategies in the preparation of the ‘historical’ part of a judicial opinion (containing factual findings) and the legal reasoning (that reflects the main judicial reasoning in the case) may be distinguished. The former category includes the strategy of referring to detailed elements of the historical part of a judicial opinion and the strategy of a condensed historical part of the opinion. The latter includes the discursive strategy and the strategy of a monologue. Among the techniques that are used by authors of judicial opinions in the frame of these strategies are: the technique of ornament, the technique of avoidance of obviousness, the technique of legitimisation by the number of utterances from the judiciary and legal scholarship, the technique of leaving things unsaid, the technique of result-oriented content exposing, or the technique of judicial opinions of courts of higher instance.Konstrukcja uzasadnienia orzeczenia sądowego regulowana jest w przepisach procesowych odnoszących się do poszczególnych rodzajów postępowań. Mają one jednak charakter ogólny, gdyż wymieniają jedynie elementy składowe uzasadnienia. Wypełnienie tych elementów treścią pozostawiono autorowi uzasadnienia. Zagospodarowanie tego marginesu swobody przybierać może postać strategii i technik formułowania uzasadnienia – odnoszących się do rezultatu, jaki chce osiągnąć autor uzasadnienia, i środków, jakich w tym celu używa. Wyróżnić można strategie w zakresie sporządzania części historycznej i części prawnej uzasadnienia. Do pierwszych zaliczyć można strategię drobiazgowego przytaczania elementów części historycznej oraz strategię formułowania części historycznej w sposób skondensowany, do drugich zaś – strategię dyskursywną oraz monologową. Technikami, którymi posługuje się autor uzasadnienia w ramach wskazanych strategii, są natomiast techniki: ornamentacyjna; „unikania oczywistości”, „legitymizacji poprzez ilość”, „przemilczenia”, ukierunkowanego eksponowania treści w uzasadnieniu, a także technika „uzasadnień kontrolujących”. Wszystkie wymienione strategie i techniki pokazują, że narracja w uzasadnieniu może być prowadzona w różny sposób – w zależności od preferencji autora uzasadnienia oraz potrzeb retorycznych czy komunikacyjnych uzasadnienia

Text typology and its significance in translation

Translation is a very broad, complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, encompassing much more factors than it seems at first glance. It is not just copying the words from the original work while changing the language, but it consists of a careful selection of appropriate phrases and expressions, combining them together in a skillful way while taking into consideration numerous aspects, one of them being the text type. The purpose of this article is, therefore, to present various text typologies and text types, specify their implications for translators and determine the role of the correct recognition of text type in producing a successful translation. This will be done on the assumption that a text type is one of the basic factors that allow the translator to recognise the function and purpose of the text as well as the author's intention. Thus, depending on the nature of these, the translator will inevitably resort to different techniques and strategies in order to successfully render the source text. Therefore, identifying the text type also helps the translator to select the appropriate translation strategy

Automatically identifying transitions between locutions in dialogue

International audienceThe contribution of this paper is theoretical foundations for dialogical argument mining, as well as initial implementation in software for dialogue processing. Automatically identifying the structure of reasoning from natural language is extremely demanding. Our hypothesis is that the structure of dialogue can yield additional clues as to argument structures that are created and cocreated. Our work has been performed using the MM2012 corpus in OVA+

Recognizing cited facts and principles in legal judgements

In common law jurisdictions, legal professionals cite facts and legal principles from precedent cases to support their arguments before the court for their intended outcome in a current case. This practice stems from the doctrine of stare decisis, where cases that have similar facts should receive similar decisions with respect to the principles. It is essential for legal professionals to identify such facts and principles in precedent cases, though this is a highly time intensive task. In this paper, we present studies that demonstrate that human annotators can achieve reasonable agreement on which sentences in legal judgements contain cited facts and principles (respectively, κ=0.65 and κ=0.95 for inter- and intra-annotator agreement). We further demonstrate that it is feasible to automatically annotate sentences containing such legal facts and principles in a supervised machine learning framework based on linguistic features, reporting per category precision and recall figures of between 0.79 and 0.89 for classifying sentences in legal judgements as cited facts, principles or neither using a Bayesian classifier, with an overall κ of 0.72 with the human-annotated gold standard

Dialectics, Evaluation, and Argument

Abstract: A critical examination of the dia-lectical approach, focusing on a comparison ofthe illative and the dialectical definitions of argument. I distinguish a moderate, a strong and a hyper dialectical conception of argument. I critique Goldman's argument for the moderate conception and Johnson's ar-gument for the strong conception, and argue that the moderate conception is correct. Resume: Un interrogatoire critique sur l'approche dialectical, qui concentre sur une comparaison des definitions d'argument illatives et dialecticales. Je distingue trois conceptions de I ' argument: la moden!e, la forte, et la hyper. Je cri-tique l'argument de Goldman qui supporte la conception moderee et celui de Johnson qui support la conception forte, et je pretends que la conception moderee est exact

The real thing? : authenticity and academic listening

In this article we explore the usefulness of the criterion of authenticity for the selection and evaluation of EAP materials. These materials were specialised listening texts used on a first year undergraduate programme at a U.K. university. Using a student questionnaire and techniques of discourse analysis based on Halliday's concepts of field, tenor and mode, we investigated the levels of difficulty and relevance of materials using four media: published audio tapes, audio recordings of a live lecture, video materials and a short, simulated lecture by the teacher. We found that the texts which related to the students experience and permitted learner interaction appeared to have more potential for language learning than those which merely replicated the discourse of the target situation