51,026 research outputs found
Revisiting the Importance of Cognition in Information Science
DOI: 10.1177/016555150000000For a considerable amount of time the field of information science has employed its own, as well as the knowledge bases and methods of other fields (with productive results). One field that has been appropriated from has been cognitive science. Cognitive science, however, has been in flux over the last few decades, with different conceptual frameworks assuming ascendance at various times. That dynamic implies that information science should pay close attention to what is occurring in cognitive science in order to investigate the most complex of challenges in information retrieval use, behaviour, and other phenomena. This paper includes a review of the frameworks of cognitive science and suggests that some of the most recent work in that field holds promise for development of thought and inquiry in information science. Understanding of the complex individual processes within human brains, the relationships among thinking communicators, and the relationship of brain and mind, is one of the areas where particular attention should be paid
Self-Deception as Affective Coping. An Empirical Perspective on Philosophical Issues
In the philosophical literature, self-deception is mainly approached through the analysis of paradoxes. Yet, it is agreed that self-deception is motivated by protection from distress. In this paper, we argue, with the help of findings from cognitive neuroscience and psychology, that self-deception is a type of affective coping.
First, we criticize the main solutions to the paradoxes of self-deception. We then present a new approach to self-deception. Self-deception, we argue, involves three appraisals of the distressing evidence: (a) appraisal of the strength of evidence as uncertain, (b) low coping potential and (c) negative anticipation along the lines of Damasioâs somatic marker hypothesis. At the same time, desire impacts the treatment of flattering evidence via dopamine. Our main proposal is that self-deception involves emotional mechanisms provoking a preference for immediate reward despite possible long-term negative repercussions. In the last part, we use this emotional model to revisit the philosophical paradoxes
Recommended from our members
Pattern recognition makes search possible: Comments on Holding (1992)
Chase and Simonâs (1973) chunking theory of expert memory, which emphasizes the role of pattern recognition in problem solving, has attracted much attention in cognitive psychology. Holding (1992) advanced a series of criticisms that, taken together, purported to refute the theory. Two valid criticismsâthat chunk size and LTM encoding were underestimatedâare dealt with by a simple extension of the theory (Gobet & Simon, 1996a). The remainder of Holdingâs criticisms either are not empirically founded or are based on a misunderstanding of the chunking theory and its role in a comprehensive theory of skill. Holdingâs alternative SEEK theory, which emphasizes the role of search, lacks key mechanisms that could be implemented by the type of pattern recognition proposed by Chase and Simon (1973)
From Biological to Synthetic Neurorobotics Approaches to Understanding the Structure Essential to Consciousness (Part 3)
This third paper locates the synthetic neurorobotics research reviewed in the second paper in terms of themes introduced in the first paper. It begins with biological non-reductionism as understood by Searle. It emphasizes the role of synthetic neurorobotics studies in accessing the dynamic structure essential to consciousness with a focus on system criticality and self, develops a distinction between simulated and formal consciousness based on this emphasis, reviews Tani and colleagues' work in light of this distinction, and ends by forecasting the increasing importance of synthetic neurorobotics studies for cognitive science and philosophy of mind going forward, finally in regards to most- and myth-consciousness
Odors, words and objects
The paper focuses on concepts and words referring to odors and to
objects that have an odor. We argue that odors are an interesting object of study since
they are evanescent, and since odor words do not refer to concrete and manipulable
objects, but to scents evoked by objects. A second reason why odors are interesting is
that some languages, as the Western ones, lack a specific odor lexicon, comparable in
richness and variety to the color lexicon, and that performance on odors naming is
typically worse than performance in color naming. In this work we discuss three
main issues. First, we illustrate literature showing that,
even if odor words do not
have concrete referents, many languages encode them quite easily: the case of odors
suggests that word meaning cannot be exhausted by the relationship with a referent,
and highlights the importance of the social sharing of meaning. Second, we have
discussed the peculiar status of odor concepts and words. Given their ambiguous
status, their simple existence poses problems both to theories according to which
concrete and abstract concepts do not differ, and to theories according to which they
represent a dichotomy.
Finally, we present an experiment in which we show that
names of objects evoke their smell, and that these smells evoke approach and
avoidance movements, in line with theories according to which words are grounded
in both sensorial and motor systems
For the good of the group? Exploring group-level evolutionary adaptations using multilevel selection theory.
In this paper, we present an evolutionary framework, multilevel selection theory (MLS), that is highly amenable to existing social psychological theory and empiricism. MLS provides an interpretation of natural selection that shows how group-beneficial traits can evolve, a prevalent implication of social psychological data. We outline the theory and provide a number of example topics, focusing on prosociality, policing behavior, gossip, brainstorming, distributed cognition, and social identity. We also show that individual differences can produce important group-level outcomes depending on differential aggregation of individual types and relate this to the evolutionary dynamics underlying group traits. Drawing on existing work, we show how social psychologists can integrate this framework into their research program and suggest future directions for research
Recommended from our members
A new model of information seeking stopping behavior
textWeb search engines play an important role in peoples daily life. Widespread usage of search engine poses continuous challenges for designing information search systems that can bring people best user experience. To address this challenges, it is particularly important to understand how people seek information. In spite of a large number of studies on human information seeking, the reasons of when and why users terminate information seeking are uncertain and many proposed theories have a limited capability for predicting this type of behavior. In our study, we conducted lab-based experiments, where participants performed assigned information search tasks on Wikipedia pages. Inspired by theories and methods from cognitive science, we captured participants information search behavior such as query usage, search engine result page visits, Wikipedia page visits, and task duration. Additionally, we used eye-tracking techniques to examine the number of people's eye fixations. Using exploratory factor analysis (EFA), we have confirmed exploratory and validation processes can be distinguished based on different types of costs associated with each of them. Based on the findings of the regression tree model, evaluating the cost and gain in the validation process provide important feedback to people for controlling and monitoring their information search.Informatio
The psychological dimension of transformation in teacher learning
Against a background which recognises pedagogical content knowledge as the distinctive element of teacher competence/expertise, this theoretical essay argues for its central construct - that of transformation â to be understood by teachers and teacher-educators in psychological terms (as was originally proposed by Dewey). Transformation requires teachers to fashion disciplinary knowledge such that it is accessible to the learner. It is argued that for transformation to happen, teacher thinking must include a sophisticated grasp of cognition and metacognition if teachers are to be characterised as competent, let alone expert. This article is written within a context of considerable social and academic scrutiny in the United Kingdom of the form and content of professional teacher preparation and development. In recent years the contribution of psychological knowledge to teacher-education has been filtered through procedural lenses of how best to 'manage classrooms', 'assess learning', 'build confidence' or whatever without a matched concern for psychological constructs through which such issues might be interpreted; thus leaving teachers vulnerable in their professional understandings of learning and its complexities. That society now requires high-level cognitive engagement amongst its participants places cognitive and metacognitive demands on teachers which can only be met if they themselves are conceptually equipped
Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Categorical and Continuous Time Series: an R package
This paper describes the R package crqa to perform cross-recurrence
quantification analysis of two time series of either a categorical or
continuous nature. Streams of behavioral information, from eye movements to
linguistic elements, unfold over time. When two people interact, such as in
conversation, they often adapt to each other, leading these behavioral levels
to exhibit recurrent states. In dialogue, for example, interlocutors adapt to
each other by exchanging interactive cues: smiles, nods, gestures, choice of
words, and so on. In order for us to capture closely the goings-on of dynamic
interaction, and uncover the extent of coupling between two individuals, we
need to quantify how much recurrence is taking place at these levels. Methods
available in crqa would allow researchers in cognitive science to pose such
questions as how much are two people recurrent at some level of analysis, what
is the characteristic lag time for one person to maximally match another, or
whether one person is leading another. First, we set the theoretical ground to
understand the difference between 'correlation' and 'co-visitation' when
comparing two time series, using an aggregative or cross-recurrence approach.
Then, we describe more formally the principles of cross-recurrence, and show
with the current package how to carry out analyses applying them. We end the
paper by comparing computational efficiency, and results' consistency, of crqa
R package, with the benchmark MATLAB toolbox crptoolbox. We show perfect
comparability between the two libraries on both levels
- âŠ