Graph theory in America 1876-1950

This narrative is a history of the contributions made to graph theory in the United States of America by American mathematicians and others who supported the growth of scholarship in that country, between the years 1876 and 1950. The beginning of this period coincided with the opening of the first research university in the United States of America, The Johns Hopkins University (although undergraduates were also taught), providing the facilities and impetus for the development of new ideas. The hiring, from England, of one of the foremost mathematicians of the time provided the necessary motivation for research and development for a new generation of American scholars. In addition, it was at this time that home-grown research mathematicians were first coming to prominence. At the beginning of the twentieth century European interest in graph theory, and to some extent the four-colour problem, began to wane. Over three decades, American mathematicians took up this field of study - notably, Oswald Veblen, George Birkhoff, Philip Franklin, and Hassler Whitney. It is necessary to stress that these four mathematicians and all the other scholars mentioned in this history were not just graph theorists but worked in many other disciplines. Indeed, they not only made significant contributions to diverse fields but, in some cases, they created those fields themselves and set the standards for others to follow. Moreover, whilst they made considerable contributions to graph theory in general, two of them developed important ideas in connection with the four-colour problem. Grounded in a paper by Alfred Bray Kempe that was notorious for its fallacious 'proof' of the four-colour theorem, these ideas were the concepts of an unavoidable set and a reducible configuration. To place the story of these scholars within the history of mathematics, America, and graph theory, brief accounts are presented of the early years of graph theory, the early years of mathematics and graph theory in the USA, and the effects of the founding of the first institute for postgraduate study in America. Additionally, information has been included on other influences by such global events as the two world wars, the depression, the influx of European scholars into the United States of America, mainly during the 1930s, and the parallel development of graph theory in Europe. Until the end of the nineteenth century, graph theory had been almost entirely the prerogative of European mathematicians. Perhaps the first work in graph theory carried out in America was by Charles Sanders Peirce, arguably America's greatest logician and philosopher at the time. In the 1860s, he studied the four-colour conjecture and claimed to have written at least two papers on the subject during that decade, but unfortunately neither of these has survived. William Edward Story entered the field in 1879, with unfortunate consequences, but it was not until 1897 that an American mathematician presented a lecture on the subject, albeit only to have the paper disappear. Paul Wernicke presented a lecture on the four-colour problem to the American Mathematician Society, but again the paper has not survived. However, his 1904 paper has survived and added to the story of graph theory, and particularly the four-colour conjecture. The year 1912 saw the real beginning of American graph theory with Veblen and Birkhoff publishing major contributions to the subject. It was around this time that European mathematicians appeared to lose interest in graph theory. In the period 1912 to 1950 much of the progress made in the subject was from America and by 1950 not only had the United States of America become the foremost country for mathematics, it was the leading centre for graph theory

Report of the President, Bowdoin College 1981-1982

https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/presidents-reports/1111/thumbnail.jp

On the world market trajectory of 21 major book publishing companies in globalization and European studies in 100+ countries. From “Amsterdam University Press” via “Palgrave” and “Nova Science Publishers” to Transaction Publishers” by international, 19 indicator comparison

Ever since the path-breaking empirical studies by Schott (1998) world systems scholars start from the well-established assumption that world science is a single gigantic center-periphery relationship. The strategic and tactical practical conclusions for individual scholars and their agenda in the scientific periphery and the semi-periphery, to which Europe increasingly belongs, are much harder to draw than the general diagnosis. Where can scholars from outside the US attractively publish their manuscripts for the world market? How does the European Union make its point in the global scientific arena in the field of the debates about social policies and globalization? Is there a way, especially for scholars from the new member countries of the European Union, and from the newly formed “Union for the Mediterranean”, to effectively publish their works on the world market? Only three European social affairs ministries (France, Poland, Spain) afford themselves the luxury to publish their own scientific journal, while others must rely on international publishing to make their expertise heard internationally. This article tries to answer tentatively such a difficult and strategic question, and quantitatively compares the performance of Amsterdam University Press (EU); Ashgate (EU); Blackwell (EU); Cambridge UP (EU); Campus (Frankfurt/Ann Arbor) (EU); Cornell UP (USA); Edward Elgar (EU); Houghton/Mifflin (US); IOS Press (EU); Lexington (US); Monthly Review Press (US); Nova Science Publishers (US); Oxford University Press (EU); Palgrave Macmillan (EU); Praeger Publishers (EU); Routledge (EU); Rowman/Littlefield (US); Sage Publications (US); Springer-Verlag (US); St. Martin's Press (US); and Transaction Publishers (US), which in between them control a sizeable share of the social science academic book publishing market in such fields of political science as globalization or European Union studies, with up to nineteen quantitative performance criteria, ranging from market success rates on global markets both in North America as well as mainly in the Asia-Pacific and European region, comparative library presence rates at international organizations libraries, such as the European Union and the United Nations, and the quantitative impact of published titles on combined indices of peer reviewed journals and the international daily and weekly press. In addition, our study evaluates the impact of the companies’ books and journals on the literature, contained in “Google book search” and “Google scholar”, all per total company book and serials output. In terms of their ability to place books on the markets of now 100+ countries well in comparison to total production, the American companies in our sample hold an unparalleled power. The relative market leaders, which get a large percentage of their total book output to more than 50 global libraries each, are: • Lexington (US) • St. Martin's Press (US) • Rowman/Littlefield (US) • Monthly Review Press (US) • Praeger Publishers (US) • Cornell UP (US) • Ashgate (UK) • Transaction Publishers (US) • Edward Elgar (UK) • Nova Science Publishers (US) Our results, based on simple combined ranks and more sophisticated non-parametric and parametric, multivariate SPSS XV factor analytical evaluations of indicator performance are a further sign of the fact that Europe would do well to further learn from the culture of major US Universities.JEL classification: F5 - International Relations and International Political Economy; F50 – General; M3 - Marketing and Advertising; M30 - General

The Walter Lessing Collection at the Bamberg University Library

Herr Dr. Walter Lessing, Officer des Order of the British Empire, Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes erster Klasse, Ehrensenator der Universität Bamberg und Mitbegründer ihres am 02.03.2002 errichteten Großbritannienzentrums, hat seine umfangreiche private Bibliothek von ca. 3.400 Einheiten Ende 2001 dem Centre for British Studies übereignet. Die Universität und ihre Bibliothek bleiben Herrn Dr. Lessing stets zu Dank verpflichtet. Herr Dr. Lessing wurde 1910 in Bamberg geboren und studierte Rechts- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften. 1933 musste er seine Heimat verlassen. Nach einer sehr erfolgreichen Laufbahn in der Wirtschaft und als Berater lebt er jetzt im Ruhestand in London. Er ist u.a. der Gründer des Mid Atlantic Club, ein langjähriger Förderer der deutsch-englischen und deutsch-amerikanischen Beziehungen und tatkräftiger Freund des Bamberger Zentrums. Seine Schenkung hat für den Altbestand der Universität in den gesamten Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften wie vornehmlich auch in der europäischen Geschichte, Politik und Wirtschaft einen sehr hohen Wert. Vornehmlich die zahlreichen wichtigen Erstausgaben zu Bertrand Russell - im Rahmen eines bemerkenswert vollständigen Bestandes -, zur englischen Naturwissenschaft, Philosophie und Theologie und die zum Teil signierten und Herrn Dr. Lessing gewidmeten Erstausgaben der modernen englischen Literatur bilden zudem einen wesentlichen Grundstock der Literaturversorgung des Großbritannienzentrums. Neben dem gedruckten Katalog, der in der Zentralbibliothek und der Teilbibliothek der Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften eingesehen werden kann, sind alle Katalogisate der Sammlung über die nationalen und internationalen Online-Kataloge recherchierbar. Die Sammlung ist in der Rara-Abteilung der Zentralbibliothek aufgestellt. Die Signatur lautet 09/Lessing HD 118 ...Dr Walter Lessing OBE, holder of the Bundesverdienstkreuz 1st class, Honorary Senator of the University of Bamberg and co-founder, on 02.03.2001, of its Centre for British Studies, transferred his extensive private library of about 3.400 volumes to the Centre at the end of 2001. The university and its library owe to Dr Lessing a lasting debt of gratitude. Dr Lessing was born in Bamberg in 1910 and studied law and economics. In 1933 he had to leave his native land. After a very succesful career in commerce and as a consultant, he now lives in retirement in London. He is the founder of the Mid Atlantic Club, a long-standing patron of Anglo-German and German-American relations and an energetic friend of the Bamberg Centre. His donation has considerably raised the value of the previous stock of the university in the entire field of the humanities and cultural studies as well as in European history, politics and economics. The numerous first editions of Bertrand Russell - a remarkably complete collection - together with English natural sciences, philosophy and theology and the first editions of modern English literature, some of which are signed and dedicated to Dr Lessing, form the foundations of the literature holdings of the Centre for British Studies. Apart from copies of the print-catalogue which may be consulted in the central library as well as in the faculty library of philology all items are retrievable via the national and international online-catalogues. The books and journals are housed in the rare book collection of the central library. The shelf mark is 09/Lessing HD 118 ..

LeMoine Gaunce Lewis Papers, 1936-1995

LeMoine Gaunce Lewis Papers, 1936-1995, finding aid

Report of the President, Bowdoin College 1989-1990

https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/presidents-reports/1098/thumbnail.jp

Accounting Historians Journal, 1989, Vol. 16, no. 2 [whole issue]

December issu

Special Libraries, October 1968

Volume 59, Issue 8https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1968/1007/thumbnail.jp

Evolution of the Modern ODE Course

The rapid development of technology in the latter part of the twentieth century has revolutionized the teaching of differential equations. In this paper we will try to trace the evolution of this important change. We tried to include the most important efforts in this regard, but we apologize in advance if some efforts have slipped our attention