Mechanisms producing different precipitation patterns over north‐eastern Italy: insights from HyMeX‐SOP1 and previous events

During the first HyMeX Special Observation Period (SOP1) field campaign, the target site of north‐eastern Italy (NEI) experienced a large amount of precipitation, locally exceeding the climatological values and distributed among several heavy‐rainfall episodes. In particular, two events that occurred during the last period of the campaign drew our attention. These events had common large‐scale patterns and a similar mesoscale setting, characterised by southerly low‐level flow interacting with the Alpine orography, but the precipitation distribution was very different. During Intensive Observing Period IOP18 (31 October–1 November 2012), convective systems were responsible for intense rainfall mainly located over a flat area of the eastern Po Valley, well upstream of the orography. Conversely, during IOP19 (4/5 November 2012), heavy precipitation affected only the Alpine area. In addition to IOP18 and IOP19, the present study analyses other heavy‐precipitation episodes that display similar characteristics and which occurred over NEI during the autumn of recent years. A high‐resolution (2 km grid spacing) non‐hydrostatic NWP model and available observations are used for this purpose. The two different observed precipitation patterns are explained in terms of interaction between the impinging flow and the Alps. Depending on the thermodynamic profile, convection can be triggered when the impinging flow is forced to rise over a pre‐existing cold‐air layer at the base of the orography. In this situation a persistent blocked‐flow condition and upstream convergence are responsible for heavy rain localized over the plain. Conversely, if convection does not develop, flow‐over conditions are established and heavy rain affects the Alps. Numerical parameters proposed in the literature are used to support the analysis. Finally, the role of evaporative cooling beneath the convective systems is evaluated. It turns out that the stationarity of the systems upstream of the Alps is mainly attributable to persistent blocked‐flow conditions, while convective outflow slightly modifies the location of precipitation

Faster Gossiping in Bidirectional Radio Networks with Large Labels

We consider unknown ad-hoc radio networks, when the underlying network is bidirectional and nodes can have polynomially large labels. For this model, we present a deterministic protocol for gossiping which takes $O(n \lg^2 n \lg \lg n)$ rounds. This improves upon the previous best result for deterministic gossiping for this model by [Gasienec, Potapov, Pagourtizis, Deterministic Gossiping in Radio Networks with Large labels, ESA (2002)], who present a protocol of round complexity $O(n \lg^3 n \lg \lg n)$ for this problem. This resolves open problem posed in [Gasienec, Efficient gossiping in radio networks, SIROCCO (2009)], who cite bridging gap between lower and upper bounds for this problem as an important objective. We emphasize that a salient feature of our protocol is its simplicity, especially with respect to the previous best known protocol for this problem

Međudjelovanje atmosfere s morem u Jadranu: simulacije bure i juga

Two simulations of the response of Adriatic Sea to severe wind performed by an atmosphere-ocean coupled model and the comparisons with observed data and modelled fields published in literature are presented. The model RAMS-DieCAST was applied to simulate the variations of sea currents and temperature profiles, from surface to bottom, induced by two episodes of intense wind over the Adriatic sea: a Bora wind event that occurred in January 1995 and a Sirocco wind event in November 2002. The results of the simulations are compared with observed data at the sea surface. In the Bora episode, the computed surface temperatures are compared with satellite SSTs and in situ observed temperatures; in the Sirocco event the simulated surface currents and temperatures are compared with experimental data collected by surface drifters released in different regions of the Adriatic Sea during the same Sirocco event. In both episodes the simulated temperature trends agree with the observed values and during the Sirocco episode the current fields are in quite good agreement with the drifter data. The modelled sea temperature and velocity fields show also a good concordance with other simulation results in literature.Dvije simulacije jakog vjetra nad Jadranom simuliraju se združenim atmosfersko-oceanografskim modelom te se analiziraju i uspoređuju s mjerenjima i drugim objavljenim modeliranim poljima. U tu svrhu se koristi model RAMS-DieCAST za simulaciju promjena morskih struja i temperaturnih profila po vertikali, uzrokovanih dvjema epizodama intenzivnog vjetra nad Jadranom: burom u siječnju 1995. godine i jugom u studenom 2002. godine. Rezultati simulacija se uspoređuju s opažanjima na morskoj površini. Tijekom bure, modelirana površinska temperatura uspoređuje se s površinskom temperaturom mora dobivene satelitskim mjerenjima i mjerenjima temperature u određenim točkama prostora. Tijekom juga, simulirane površinske struje i temperature se uspoređuju s eksperimentalnim mjerenjima dobivenih na temelju površinskih driftera koji su pušteni u različitim dijelovima Jadrana za istu epizodu. U obje epizode trendovi simulirane temperature dobro se podudaraju s opažanjima. Također se tijekom juga, površinske struje dobro podudaraju s mjerenjima driftera. Modelirana temperatura mora kao i vektorsko polje brzina pokazuju dobro slaganje s rezultatima sličnih simulacija u literaturi

Coupled wave-2D hydrodynamics modeling at the Reno River mouth (Italy) under climate change scenarios

This work presents the results of the numerical study implemented for the natural area of Lido di Spina, a touristic site along the Italian coast of the North Adriatic Sea, close to the mouth of River Reno. High-resolution simulations of nearshore dynamics are carried out under climate change conditions estimated for the site. The adopted modeling chain is based on the implementation of multiple-nested, open-source numerical models. More specifically, the coupled wave-2D hydrodynamics runs, using the open-source TELEMAC suite, are forced at the offshore boundary by waves resulting from the wave model (SWAN) simulations for the Adriatic Sea, and sea levels computed following a joint probability analysis approach. The system simulates presentday scenarios, as well as conditions reflecting the high IPCC greenhouse concentration trajectory named RCP8.5 under predicted climate changes. Selection of sea storms directed from SE (Sirocco events) and E-NE (Bora events) is performed together with Gumbel analysis, in order to define ordinary and extreme sea conditions. The numerical results are here presented in terms of local parameters such as wave breaking position, alongshore currents intensity and direction and flooded area, aiming to provide insights on how climate changes may impact hydrodynamics at a site scale. Although the wave energy intensity predicted for Sirocco events is expected to increase only slightly, modifications of the wave dynamics, current patterns, and inland flooding induced by climate changes are expected to be significant for extreme conditions, especially during Sirocco winds, with an increase in the maximum alongshore currents and in the inundated area compared to past conditions. \ua9 2018 by the authors

Remediation strategies and management of oil spill hazard along the Emilia-Romagna coast (Italy)

In the Adriatic Sea, large vessel traffic is dense, and accordingly there is a great deal of operational pollution along with the constant threat of accidents and incidents. The Emilia-Romagna region does not have any planning documents for managing the oil spill risk. The aim of the thesis is to propose strategies for a management plan (not currently available) and intervention strategies of coastal protection from oil spill events utilizing models (simulations) of potential scenarios which could happen near the Emiglia-Romagna coast, and how it should be the proper reaction due to this possible accidents, in a way to build preparedness and improve the efficiency regarding to the response, raising the level of safety and marine security security towards those events that can impact not only environmental units, but also other society development pillars as economy and health.I would like to thank my professors from the Univesity of Algarve, specially to Óscar Ferreira, José Paulo Monteiro and Alice Newton, for believing in my capabilities and giving me proper background to follow this master sharing with excellence their knowledge. Fourthly the WACOMA consortium, for believing in a sustainable,diverse and multicultural future uniting all the different parts of the world for a main cause; A proper use and management of our coasts and body of waters

Međudjelovanje atmosfere s morem u Jadranu: simulacije bure i juga

Two simulations of the response of Adriatic Sea to severe wind performed by an atmosphere-ocean coupled model and the comparisons with observed data and modelled fields published in literature are presented. The model RAMS-DieCAST was applied to simulate the variations of sea currents and temperature profiles, from surface to bottom, induced by two episodes of intense wind over the Adriatic sea: a Bora wind event that occurred in January 1995 and a Sirocco wind event in November 2002. The results of the simulations are compared with observed data at the sea surface. In the Bora episode, the computed surface temperatures are compared with satellite SSTs and in situ observed temperatures; in the Sirocco event the simulated surface currents and temperatures are compared with experimental data collected by surface drifters released in different regions of the Adriatic Sea during the same Sirocco event. In both episodes the simulated temperature trends agree with the observed values and during the Sirocco episode the current fields are in quite good agreement with the drifter data. The modelled sea temperature and velocity fields show also a good concordance with other simulation results in literature.Dvije simulacije jakog vjetra nad Jadranom simuliraju se združenim atmosfersko-oceanografskim modelom te se analiziraju i uspoređuju s mjerenjima i drugim objavljenim modeliranim poljima. U tu svrhu se koristi model RAMS-DieCAST za simulaciju promjena morskih struja i temperaturnih profila po vertikali, uzrokovanih dvjema epizodama intenzivnog vjetra nad Jadranom: burom u siječnju 1995. godine i jugom u studenom 2002. godine. Rezultati simulacija se uspoređuju s opažanjima na morskoj površini. Tijekom bure, modelirana površinska temperatura uspoređuje se s površinskom temperaturom mora dobivene satelitskim mjerenjima i mjerenjima temperature u određenim točkama prostora. Tijekom juga, simulirane površinske struje i temperature se uspoređuju s eksperimentalnim mjerenjima dobivenih na temelju površinskih driftera koji su pušteni u različitim dijelovima Jadrana za istu epizodu. U obje epizode trendovi simulirane temperature dobro se podudaraju s opažanjima. Također se tijekom juga, površinske struje dobro podudaraju s mjerenjima driftera. Modelirana temperatura mora kao i vektorsko polje brzina pokazuju dobro slaganje s rezultatima sličnih simulacija u literaturi

Monoclonal antibodies in type 2 asthma : a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Since novel treatments to target eosinophilic inflammation in Type 2 asthma are emerging, we aimed to evaluate and meta-analyze the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies to reduce exacerbation rate. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for phase II and phase III randomized clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies targeting key mediators of type 2-associated asthma. Thirty trials were selected involving biologics that target the IL-5 pathway, IL-13, the common IL-4 and IL-13 receptor, IL-9, IL-2 and TSLP. As no head-to-head trials were retrieved from literature, we performed an arm-based network meta-analysis to compare effects on exacerbation rate between the different treatments. Mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab significantly reduced the risk of exacerbations compared to placebo (by 47-52%, 50-60%, and 28-51% respectively). Reslizumab and benralizumab also improved lung function. Dupilumab and tezepelumab improved lung function in frequent exacerbators. Lebrikizumab had no significant effect on the number of exacerbations, symptom control or health-related quality of life. Tralokinumab improved lung function compared to placebo. Network meta-analysis of all treatment and placebo arms, showed no superiority of one biologic over the others. Large reductions in exacerbation rates were observed compared to placebo, though only benralizumab was sufficiently powered (n = 2051) to demonstrate significantly decreased exacerbation rates in the subgroup analysis of IL-5 acting agents compared to placebo. Monoclonal antibodies such as mepolizumab, reslizumab and benralizumab have proven their benefit to reduce exacerbation rates in severe persistent eosinophilic asthma in the published trials. However, no statistically significant superiority was observed of one biologic over the other in the network meta-analysis. More studies with direct head to head comparisons and better defined endotypes are required