336,786 research outputs found
Review Selection Using Micro-Reviews
Singapore National Research Foundation under International Research Centre @ Singapore Funding Initiativ
Are Immigrants Positively or Negatively Selected? The Role of Immigrant Selection Criteria and Self-Selection
This paper specifies and estimates a structural model of international migration using micro data. This provides a direct test of human capital theory that suggests that individuals respond to the earnings differentials across countries while making their migration decisions. The paper specifies migration as a joint outcome of two decision makers, i.e. the individual who decides to apply for migration and the host country that reviews applications, and identifies the factors determining the decision of these two players. The empirical results provide evidence in support of the human capital model. It is also shown that both the host country and the individual have significant impacts on the resulting charatersitics of immigrants. The results suggest negative self-selection at the application stage both in terms of observed and unobserved characteristics and a positive selection at the review step by the host country. Although there is negative self- selection in terms of schooling among applicants, as a result of the positive selection at the review step the resulting migrants are positively selected. However, in terms of unobservable characteristics the review step is unable to reverse the negative self-selection that occurs at the application stage, and the resulting migrants are negatively selected in this dimension.immigration, self-selection, Roy Model, immigration policy
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The Performativity of Literature Reviewing: Constituting the Corporate Social Responsibility Literature through Re-Presentation and Intervention
Although numerous books and articles provide toolkit approaches to explain how to conduct literature reviews, these prescriptions regard literature reviewing as the production of representations of academic fields. Such representationalism is rarely questioned. Building on insights from social studies of science, we conceptualize literature reviewing as a performative endeavor that co-constitutes the literature it is supposed to “neutrally” describe, through a dual movement of re-presenting—constructing an account different from the literature, and intervening—adding to and potentially shaping this literature. We discuss four problems inherent to this movement of performativity—description, explicitness, provocation, and simulacrum—and then explore them through a systematic review of 48 reviews of the literature on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) for the period 1975-2019. We provide evidence for the performative role of literature reviewing in the CSR field through both re-presenting and intervening. We find that reviews performed the CSR literature and, accordingly, the field’s boundaries, categories, priorities in a self-sustaining manner. By reflexively subjecting our own systematic review to the four performative problems we discuss, we also derive implications of performative analysis for the practice of literature reviewing
State-Dependent Pricing and the Non-Neutrality of Money
Golosov and Lucas (2007) have challenged the view that infrequent price adjustments by firms explains why money has aggregate real output effects. The basis of their challenge is the 'selection effect' - re-setting firms are not selected at random, they are those firms whose prices are furthest from equilibrium. Because of this the aggregate price level is sufficiently flexible for monetary neutrality. In this paper I add price review costs to an otherwise standard Golosov and Lucas model. This weakens the selection effect and restores monetary non-neutrality to a level comparable to that of the Calvo (1983) pricing model.menu-cost, information costs, non-neutrality of money, state-dependent pricing, time-dependent pricing.
Non-enclosure methods for non-suspended microalgae cultivation: literature review and research needs
Microalgae are getting more interests from industry and science communities. Applications of these small, unicellular microorganisms are countless: from fourth generation biofuels, through fish feed to pharmaceuticals. Ordinary methods of cultivation may be associated with many problems such as high costs, high energy consumption, and low product yield. It is difficult to control contaminations in open ponds while photobioreactors are mainly at laboratory scale and expensive to scale-up. Scientists are investigating various methods of microalgae cultivation and processing to overcome those problems. One of the novel approaches is the non-suspended method for microalgae culturing, where microalgae are grown on attached surfaces.
Growing microalgae on surfaces is an attractive option and showing promising results. In comparison with ordinary suspended photobioreactors, the attached systems offer higher biomass yields, easy to scale-up with better light distribution within the reactor and better control of contamination. Moreover, the consumption of water can be drastically reduced. So far, there is not enough research for this method. Limited studies have been reported on enclosure mode of this approach with algae encapsulation into matrix. It is found that this mode would be difficult to scale up due to high costs of the enclosure material and difficulty of separating microalgae from matrix. Non-enclosure mode is more promising way of non-suspended cultivation.
So far, no work has been carried out to conduct non-suspended culturing with the use of aeroterrestrial microalgae. They are species growing on the surfaces at highly humid environments. Using them in attached cultivation systems could potentially lower the water consumption to minimum. Studies have shown that the biomass of lower water content can be produced if compared to non-suspended cultivation methods. In addition, mechanization of the cultivation and harvesting processes would be less complex, as the product will not be immersed in the liquid. There would be no need for glass reactors, as lights can be placed in the spaces between surfaces. The light distribution is predicted to be the highest among all existing methods, as there would be no free floating particles absorbing and reflecting light. It will only need humid conditions, rich in CO2 between attachment surfaces. To evaluate potential advantages for non-suspended culturing of aeroterrestrial microalgae in non-enclosure way, proper experiments need to be conducted. In this review, basic concepts of attached cultivation system are discussed, focusing on the studies of biofilm formation including factors affecting deposition and systems. The detailed description of aeroterrestrial microalgae is included to give insight into potential applications of the species into attached cultivation systems
Long-term glycemic variability and risk of adverse outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
OBJECTIVE: Glycemic variability is emerging as a measure of glycemic control, which may be a reliable predictor of complications. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the association between HbA1c variability and micro- and macrovascular complications and mortality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Medline and Embase were searched (2004–2015) for studies describing associations between HbA1c variability and adverse outcomes in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed with stratification according to the measure of HbA1c variability, method of analysis, and diabetes type. RESULTS: Seven studies evaluated HbA1c variability among patients with type 1 diabetes and showed an association of HbA1c variability with renal disease (risk ratio 1.56 [95% CI 1.08–2.25], two studies), cardiovascular events (1.98 [1.39–2.82]), and retinopathy (2.11 [1.54–2.89]). Thirteen studies evaluated HbA1c variability among patients with type 2 diabetes. Higher HbA1c variability was associated with higher risk of renal disease (1.34 [1.15–1.57], two studies), macrovascular events (1.21 [1.06–1.38]), ulceration/gangrene (1.50 [1.06–2.12]), cardiovascular disease (1.27 [1.15–1.40]), and mortality (1.34 [1.18–1.53]). Most studies were retrospective with lack of adjustment for potential confounders, and inconsistency existed in the definition of HbA1c variability. CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c variability was positively associated with micro- and macrovascular complications and mortality independently of the HbA1c level and might play a future role in clinical risk assessment
Synthetic biology and microdevices : a powerful combination
Recent developments demonstrate that the combination of microbiology with micro-and nanoelectronics is a successful approach to develop new miniaturized sensing devices and other technologies. In the last decade, there has been a shift from the optimization of the abiotic components, for example, the chip, to the improvement of the processing capabilities of cells through genetic engineering. The synthetic biology approach will not only give rise to systems with new functionalities, but will also improve the robustness and speed of their response towards applied signals. To this end, the development of new genetic circuits has to be guided by computational design methods that enable to tune and optimize the circuit response. As the successful design of genetic circuits is highly dependent on the quality and reliability of its composing elements, intense characterization of standard biological parts will be crucial for an efficient rational design process in the development of new genetic circuits. Microengineered devices can thereby offer a new analytical approach for the study of complex biological parts and systems. By summarizing the recent techniques in creating new synthetic circuits and in integrating biology with microdevices, this review aims at emphasizing the power of combining synthetic biology with microfluidics and microelectronics
Expression profiles of genes regulating dairy cow fertility: recent findings, ongoing activities and future possibilities
Subfertility has negative effects for dairy farm profitability, animal welfare and sustainability of animal production. Increasing herd sizes and economic pressures restrict the amount of time that farmers can spend on counteractive management Genetic improvement will become increasingly important to restore reproductive performance. Complementary to traditional breeding value estimation procedures, genomic selection based on genome-wide information will become more widely applied. Functional genomics, including transcriptomics (gene expression profiling), produces the information to understand the consequences of selection as it helps to unravel physiological mechanisms underlying female fertility traits. Insight into the latter is needed to develop new effective management strategies to combat subfertility. Here, the importance of functional genomics for dairy cow reproduction so far and in the near future is evaluated. Recent gene profiling studies in the field of dairy cow fertility are reviewed and new data are presented on genes that are expressed in the brains of dairy cows and that are involved in dairy cow oestrus (behaviour). Fast-developing new research areas in the field of functional genomics, such as epigenetics, RNA interference, variable copy numbers and nutrigenomics are discussed including their promising future value for dairy cow fertility
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