Information Hiding Based on DNA Sequences

يعد أمن المعلومات مصدر قلق رئيسي، خاصة في ضوء التوسع السريع في استخدام الإنترنت في السنوات الأخيرة. نتيجة لهذا التوسع، كانت هناك حالات وصول غير قانوني، والتي تم تخفيفها من خلال اعتماد مجموعة متنوعة من بروتوكولات الاتصال الآمن، بما في ذلك التشفير وإخفاء البيانات. في السنوات الأخيرة، كانت هناك زيادة في استخدام الحمض النووي للتشفير وإخفاء البيانات كناقل، مع الاستفادة من قدراته الجزيئية الحيوية. في إخفاء البيانات. نتيجة لذلك، في نهج إخفاء البيانات، يتم استخدام قواعد الحمض النووي كناقل للمعلومات لتعزيز الأمن. يندمج علم إخفاء المعلومات والتشفير المستند إلى الحمض النووي بين السمات البيولوجية والتقنيات التقليدية من أجل تحقيق خوارزمية مؤمنة جيدًا تستغلها. لذلك، توفر تسلسلات الحمض النووي قدرة عالية على البيانات بما في ذلك الحفاظ على الخصائص الكيميائية والبيولوجية لتسلسل الحمض النووي.Information security is a major source of worry, especially in light of the rapid expansion of internet use in recent years. As a result of this expansion, there have been incidences of illegal access, which have been mitigated by the adoption of a variety of secure communication protocols, including encryption and data concealment. DNA's bio-molecular properties have seen an uptick in popularity as a carrier for cryptography and data hiding in recent years. when information needs to be hidden. Therefore, DNA bases are utilized as information carriers in the data concealing strategy to increase safety. DNA-based steganography and cryptography combine a biological property with conventional methods to provide an algorithm with increased security. Because of their ability to maintain their chemical and biological characteristics, DNA sequences also have a high data capacity

Capacity of DNA Data Embedding Under Substitution Mutations

A number of methods have been proposed over the last decade for encoding information using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), giving rise to the emerging area of DNA data embedding. Since a DNA sequence is conceptually equivalent to a sequence of quaternary symbols (bases), DNA data embedding (diversely called DNA watermarking or DNA steganography) can be seen as a digital communications problem where channel errors are tantamount to mutations of DNA bases. Depending on the use of coding or noncoding DNA hosts, which, respectively, denote DNA segments that can or cannot be translated into proteins, DNA data embedding is essentially a problem of communications with or without side information at the encoder. In this paper the Shannon capacity of DNA data embedding is obtained for the case in which DNA sequences are subject to substitution mutations modelled using the Kimura model from molecular evolution studies. Inferences are also drawn with respect to the biological implications of some of the results presented.Comment: 22 pages, 13 figures; preliminary versions of this work were presented at the SPIE Media Forensics and Security XII conference (January 2010) and at the IEEE ICASSP conference (March 2010

Preserving privacy in edge computing

Edge computing or fog computing enables realtime services to smart application users by storing data and services at the edge of the networks. Edge devices in the edge computing handle data storage and service provisioning. Therefore, edge computing has become a  new norm for several delay-sensitive smart applications such as automated vehicles, ambient-assisted living, emergency response services, precision agriculture, and smart electricity grids. Despite having great potential, privacy threats are the main barriers to the success of edge computing. Attackers can leak private or sensitive information of data owners and modify service-related data for hampering service provisioning in edge computing-based smart applications. This research takes privacy issues of heterogeneous smart application data into account that are stored in edge data centers. From there, this study focuses on the development of privacy-preserving models for user-generated smart application data in edge computing and edge service-related data, such as Quality-of-Service (QoS) data, for ensuring unbiased service provisioning. We begin with developing privacy-preserving techniques for user data generated by smart applications using steganography that is one of the data hiding techniques. In steganography, user sensitive information is hidden within nonsensitive information of data before outsourcing smart application data, and stego data are produced for storing in the edge data center. A steganography approach must be reversible or lossless to be useful in privacy-preserving techniques. In this research, we focus on numerical (sensor data) and textual (DNA sequence and text) data steganography. Existing steganography approaches for numerical data are irreversible. Hence, we introduce a lossless or reversible numerical data steganography approach using Error Correcting Codes (ECC). Modern lossless steganography approaches for text data steganography are mainly application-specific and lacks imperceptibility, and DNA steganography requires reference DNA sequence for the reconstruction of the original DNA sequence. Therefore, we present the first blind and lossless DNA sequence steganography approach based on the nucleotide substitution method in this study. In addition, a text steganography method is proposed that using invisible character and compression based encoding for ensuring reversibility and higher imperceptibility.  Different experiments are conducted to demonstrate the justification of our proposed methods in these studies. The searching capability of the stored stego data is challenged in the edge data center without disclosing sensitive information. We present a privacy-preserving search framework for stego data on the edge data center that includes two methods. In the first method, we present a keyword-based privacy-preserving search method that allows a user to send a search query as a hash string. However, this method does not support the range query. Therefore, we develop a range search method on stego data using an order-preserving encryption (OPE) scheme. In both cases, the search service provider retrieves corresponding stego data without revealing any sensitive information. Several experiments are conducted for evaluating the performance of the framework. Finally, we present a privacy-preserving service computation framework using Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) based cryptosystem for ensuring the service provider's privacy during service selection and composition. Our contributions are two folds. First, we introduce a privacy-preserving service selection model based on encrypted Quality-of-Service (QoS) values of edge services for ensuring privacy. QoS values are encrypted using FHE. A distributed computation model for service selection using MapReduce is designed for improving efficiency. Second, we develop a composition model for edge services based on the functional relationship among edge services for optimizing the service selection process. Various experiments are performed in both centralized and distributed computing environments to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework using a synthetic QoS dataset

Information Security Using DNA Sequences

   يعد أمن المعلومات من المواضيع المهمة، ويرجع ذلك أساسًا إلى النمو الهائل في استخدام الإنترنت على مدى السنوات القليلة الماضية. نتيجة لهذا النمو، كانت هناك حالات وصول غير مصرح به، والتي تم تقليلها بفضل "استخدام مجموعة من بروتوكولات الاتصال الآمن، مثل التشفير وإخفاء البيانات". باستخدام القدرات الجزيئية الحيوية للحمض النووي، ازداد استخدام الحمض النووي كناقل للتشفير وإخفاء البيانات في السنوات الأخيرة. أثار إدراك أن الحمض النووي قد يعمل كوسيط نقل أثار هذه الحركة. في هذه الدراسة، نفحص أولاً ونلخص بإيجاز تطور نظام ترميز الحمض النووي الحالي. بعد ذلك، يتم تصنيف الطرق العديدة التي تم بها استخدام الحمض النووي لتحسين تقنيات التشفير. تمت مناقشة مزايا وعيوب هذه الخوارزميات وأحدث التطورات في تقنيات التشفير القائم على الحمض النووي. أخيرًا، نقدم أفكارنا حول المستقبل المحتمل لخوارزميات التشفير القائمة على الحمض النووي.Information security is a significant cause for concern, mainly because of the explosive growth in internet usage over the last few years. Due to this growth, there have been occurrences of unauthorized access, which have been reduced thanks to “using a range of secure communication protocols, such as encryption and data concealment”. Using DNA's bio-molecular capabilities, the usage of DNA as a carrier for encryption and data concealing has increased in recent years. The realization that DNA may function as a transport medium sparked this movement. In this study, we first examine and briefly outline the evolution of the present DNA coding system. After that, the several ways DNA has been used to enhance encryption techniques are categorized. The benefits and drawbacks of these algorithms and the most recent advancements in DNA-based encryption techniques are discussed. Finally, we provide our thoughts on the potential future of DNA-based encryption algorithms. &nbsp