Reservoir hill and audiences for online interactive drama

This paper analyses the interactive experiences constructed for users of the New Zealand online interactive drama Reservoir Hill (2009, 2010), focusing both on the nature and levels of engagement which the series provided to users and the difficulties of audience research into this kind of media content. The series itself provided tightly prescribed forms of interactivity across multiple platforms, allowing forms of engagement that were greatly appreciated by its audience overall but actively explored only by a small proportion of users. The responses from members of the Reservoir Hill audience suggests that online users themselves are still learning the nature of, and constraints on, their engagements with various forms of online interactive media. This paper also engages with issue of how interactivity itself is defined, the difficulties of both connecting with audience members and securing timely access to online data, and the challenges of undertaking collaborative research with media producers in order to gain access to user data

Narrow diameter dental implants as mandibular overdenture retainers : one year of clinical, bilogical and functional monitoring

Orientador: Altair Antoninha Del Bel CuryTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de PiracicabaResumo: O uso de implantes de diâmetro reduzido (IDR) e mini-implantes (MI) tem sido bastante difundido, entretanto ainda são necessários estudos que avaliem a sua previsibilidade, comportamento clínico, biológico e funcional como retentores de overdentures mandibulares (OM). Com o intuito de verificar o sucesso clínico e funcional desse tratamento em pacientes desdentados totais com limitada disponibilidade óssea foram delineados quatro diferentes estudos: i) Revisão sistemática (RS) e meta-análise dos estudos que utilizaram MI e IDR como retentores de OM e que reportassem dados sobre sobrevivência, sucesso e perda óssea marginal (POM) para realização da meta-análise; ii) Estudo clínico longitudinal que avaliou o comportamento clínico de 60 IDR como retentores de OM instalados em 30 pacientes com alto tempo de edentulismo cujas mandíbulas foram classificadas como clinicamente atróficas, foram acompanhados até 1 ano após o carregamento. As variáveis de desfechos foram: saúde peri-implantar (índice de placa visível - IPV, cálculo - C, índice gengival - IG, índice de profundidade de sondagem - IPS e índice de sangramento gengival - ISG), estabilidade primária e secundária dos implantes (ISQ), sobrevivência, sucesso, POM, remodelação óssea (RO), e descrição de complicações/manutenções durante o tratamento; iii) Estudo clínico longitudinal com 1 ano de acompanhamento que avaliou a evolução da função mastigatória (FM) e a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde oral (QVRSO) de 23 desdentados totais, com alto tempo de edentulismo, mandíbulas classificadas como clinicamente atróficas e reabilitados com overdentures mandibulares, por meio dos testes de performance mastigatória (PM) e limiar de deglutição (LD). Nesse estudo também foi avaliada, a QVRSO por meio de três questionários distintos OHIP-EDENT, GOHAI e DIDL. iv) Estudo clínico longitudinal que comparou a FM, a QVRSO e a satisfação de 26 pacientes desdentados totais cujas mandíbulas foram consideradas radiograficamente i) atróficas (PA) e ii) não atróficas (PNA) antes e até 1 ano após o carregamento das OM. Foram utilizados os testes de PM e LD e o questionário DIDL como indicador da QVRSO e da satisfação do paciente. Os resultados do estudo I mostraram que MI e IDR apresentam comportamento clínico semelhante aos implantes de diâmetro convencional (IDC), sendo que a POM encontradas para MI e IDR foram clinicamente semelhantes aos limites relatados na literatura para IDC. Os IDR apresentam melhor previsibilidade que MI quando carregados convencionalmente. No estudo clinico II observamos que os IDR apresentaram um comportamento clínico semelhante ao já relatado para IDC, diretamente dependente do cuidado do paciente e do monitoramento dos tecidos peri-implantares. O IPS diminuiu gradativamente evidenciando o selamento dos tecidos moles ao redor do componente protético protegendo o osso marginal. A perda óssea marginal 1 ano após o carregamento da OM (-0,23 ± 0,5 mm) foi similar (P>0,05) ao nível ósseo peri-implantar imediatamente após instalação dos implantes (-0,13 ± 0,47 mm). A remodelação óssea após 1 ano de carregamento foi de -0,06 ± 0,64 mm. Em média foi necessário um retorno por paciente para ajuste da base ou troca do O-ring rosa. O estudo clinico referente ao artigo III descreveu melhora significativa na FM e na QVRSO dos desdentados cujas mandíbulas foram consideradas clinicamente atróficas, após a instalação das OM sendo que a melhora funcional já foi notada no primeiro mês pós carregamento e a QVRSO já no terceiro mês pós carregamento. Por fim, os resultados do estudo IV mostraram que o LD dos PA é afetado negativamente enquanto usuários de prótese total, entretanto após 6 meses do carregamento dos implantes as diferenças no LD entre PA e PNA desaparecem. Também, observou-se que PA necessitaram de um tempo maior para se adaptarem ao novo tratamento do que os PNA visto que diferença significativa entre os grupos foi encontrada para o domínio conforto oral aos 3 e 6 meses pós carregamento. Diante dos resultados dos estudos conclui-se que os IDR são uma opção de tratamento segura para pacientes desdentados totais com pouca disponibilidade óssea, visto que eles apresentaram sucesso clínico como retentores de OM, e ainda, a transição de prótese total para OM mostrou melhora significativa no desempenho funcional e impacto positivo na QSVRO e na satisfação do pacienteAbstract: The use of mini-implants (IDR) and mini-implants (IM) has been widespread, however, studies are still needed to assess their predictability, clinical, biological and functional behavior as mandibular overdenture (OM) retainers. In order to verify the clinical and functional success of this treatment in total edentulous patients with limited bone availability, four different studies were delineated: I) Systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis, a systematized search in 6 databases to identify studies using MI and NDI as MO retainers and reporting data on survival, success and marginal bone loss (MBL) for meta-analysis; II) Longitudinal clinical study that evaluated the clinical behavior of 60 NDI as MO retainers installed in 30 patients with clinically atrophic mandible and high edentulism time, were followed for up to 1 year after loading. The outcomes were: peri-implant health (plate index - PI; calculus - C; gingival index - GI; probing depth ¿ PD; bleeding on probing - BoP), Primary and secondary stability of the implants (ISQ), survival, success, MBL, marginal bone level change (MBC), and description of complications/maintenance during the treatment; III) Longitudinal clinical study with 1 year of follow-up, that evaluated the masticatory function (MF) evolution and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 23 edentulous patients with clinically atrophic mandible and high edentulism time were rehabilitated with mandibular overdenture. The MF was evaluated through masticatory performance (MP) tests and swallowing threshold (ST). And the OHRQoL was evaluated through three different questionnaires OHIP-ENDENT, GOHAI and DIDL. IV) Longitudinal clinical study comparing the MF, OHRQoL and satisfaction of 26 edentulous patients classified as atrophic patients (AP) and non-atrophic patients (NAP) before and up to 1 year after MO loading. The outcomes were MP and ST tests and DIDL questionnaire as an OHRQoL indicator and patient satisfaction. Through the results of study I, it is demonstrate that MI and NDI present clinical behavior similar to those of standard diameter implants (SDI), MBL found for MI and NDI were clinically similar to those reported in the literature for SDI. NDIs show better predictability than MI when conventionally loaded. In the clinical study II, we observed that the NDI present clinical behavior similar to that already reported for SDI, directly dependent of the patient care and peri-implant tissues monitoring. The PD decreased gradually, evidencing the soft tissues sealing around the attachments protecting the marginal bone. The MBL 1 year after MO loading (-0.23 ± 0.5 mm) was similar (P> 0.05) at the MBL immediately the implant installation (-0.13 ± 0, 47 mm). The MBC after 1-year loading was -0.06 ± 0.64 mm. On average, a return per patient was required to adjust the base or exchange the pink O-ring. The clinical study, referring to article III described a significant improvement in MF and OHRQoL of the clinically atrophic edentulous patients after the MO loading, and the functional improvement was already noticed in the first month after loading and the OHRQoL in the third month after loading. Finally, the results of study IV showed that ST of AP is negatively affected while complete denture (CD) wearers and that only 6 months after loading the differences in ST disappear. Also, it was observed that AP required a longer time to adapt to the new treatment than the NAPs, since significant difference between the groups was found for the oral comfort domain at 3 and 6 months post loading. In view of all the compiled results it is concluded that NDIs are a safe option of treatment for edentulous patients with poor bone availability. Since they were clinically successful as MO retainers, and the transition from CD to MO showed a significant improvement in functional performance and a positive impact on OHRQoL and patient satisfactionDoutoradoProtese DentalDoutora em Clínica OdontológicaCNPQCAPE

ACHIEVING AUTONOMIC SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE USING CASE BASED REASONING

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) enables composition of large and complex computational units out of the available atomic services. However, implementation of SOA, for its dynamic nature, could bring about challenges in terms of service discovery, service interaction, service composition, robustness, etc. In the near future, SOA will often need to dynamically re-configuring and re-organizing its topologies of interactions between the web services because of some unpredictable events, such as crashes or network problems, which will cause service unavailability. Complexity and dynamism of the current and future global network system require service architecture that is capable of autonomously changing its structure and functionality to meet dynamic changes in the requirements and environment with little human intervention. This then needs to motivate the research described throughout this thesis. In this thesis, the idea of introducing autonomy and adapting case-based reasoning into SOA in order to extend the intelligence and capability of SOA is contributed and elaborated. It is conducted by proposing architecture of an autonomic SOA framework based on case-based reasoning and the architectural considerations of autonomic computing paradigm. It is then followed by developing and analyzing formal models of the proposed architecture using Petri Net. The framework is also tested and analyzed through case studies, simulation, and prototype development. The case studies show feasibility to employing case-based reasoning and autonomic computing into SOA domain and the simulation results show believability that it would increase the intelligence, capability, usability and robustness of SOA. It was shown that SOA can be improved to cope with dynamic environment and services unavailability by incorporating case-based reasoning and autonomic computing paradigm to monitor and analyze events and service requests, then to plan and execute the appropriate actions using the knowledge stored in knowledge database

Effect of surface roughness on the efficiency of self-healing polymers

A shape memory polymer (SMP) is a smart material capable of maintaining two distinct shapes depending on its temperature. A SMP is soft at temperatures above its glass transition temperature but hard below it. When copolyester thermoplastic additives are dispersed in a SMP, it becomes a SMP-based particulate composite capable of self-healing at both the molecular level and the structural level. This makes it very desirable for industrial applications. Upon damage to the composite, the surfaces at the damage interface have to come into contact for efficient healing; the shape memory effect, coupled with a confined recovery (healing) process, ensures this. This study examined the effect of the surface roughness at the damage interface on the efficiency of the healing process. Also studied was the effect of the compressive stress at the point of contact during the healing process on the healing efficiency. The particulate composite (CP-PSMP) consisted of polystyrene shape memory polymer (PSMP) as the matrix and copolyester thermoplastic additives (CP) as the reinforcement. Compressive programming at 10 % pre-strain was performed on the CP-PSMP, which was then tested for its pre-flexural strength. Next, the surfaces were varied using sandpapers of different embedded particle diameters, and the CP-PSMP was healed at 10 MPa using the close-then-heal (CTH) self-healing mechanism. The recovered flexural strength was then obtained and the healing efficiency computed as a fraction of the recovered flexural strength to the pre-healing flexural strength. Healing efficiencies were found to be higher for CP-PSMP with smoother surfaces. The highest healing efficiency of 39 % was found in CP-PSMP with average and root-mean-squared roughness profile parameters, Ra and Rq, of 0.425 and 0.617 μm respectively. Another set of tests revealed that healing was more efficient at higher compressive stresses. Efficiencies at higher compressive stresses (20 – 80 MPa) ranged from 78 % to 118 %. Next, the effects of sanding on healing efficiency was examined by comparing the healing efficiencies of two sets of CP-PSMP with similar Ra and Rq values—one of which was treated with sandpaper. The sanded CP-PSMP samples were 24 % more efficient in healing

Deep Q Learning for Self Adaptive Distributed Microservices Architecture (in press)

One desired aspect of a self-adapting microservices architecture is the ability to continuously monitor the operational environment, detect and observe anomalous behavior, and provide a reasonable policy for self-scaling, self-healing, and self-tuning the computational resources in order to dynamically respond to a sudden change in its operational environment. The behaviour of a microservices architecture is continuously changing overtime, which makes it a challenging task to use a statistical model to identify both the normal and abnormal behaviour of the services running. The performance of the microservices cluster could fluctuate around the demand to accommodate scalability, orchestration and load balancing demands. To achieve the desired high levels of self-adaptability, this research implements microservices architectures model following the MAPE-K model. Our proposed architecture employs Markov decision process (MDP) to identify the transition from one cluster state to another. Our proposed architecture employs a deep Q- learning network (DQN) for dynamically selecting the adaptation action that yield the highest reward. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of using DQN and MDP agent to achieve high level of self-adaptability of microservice architecture. We argue in this paper that such integration between DQN and MDP in MAPE-K model offers microservice architecture with self-adaptability against the contextual changes in the operational environment. The self-adaptation property is achieved by allowing the MDP agent to explore the observation space and lets the DQN to select the adaptation policy with the highest reward, then the MDP agent executes the adaptation action and observes the changes. We believe integrating DQN into the adaptation action selection process improves the effectiveness of the adaptation and reduces the adaptation risk including resources over-provisioning and thrashing. The proposed model preserves the cluster state and preventing multiple actions to taking place at the same time. Our model also guarantees that the executed adaptation action fits the current execution context and achieves the adaptation goals

DEVELOPMENT OF NANOPARTICLE RATE-MODULATING AND SYNCHROTRON PHASE CONTRAST-BASED ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES FOR CARDIAC TISSUE ENGINEERING

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause of heart failure. Despite advancements in cardiovascular treatments and interventions, current therapies can only slow down the progression of heart failure, but not tackle the progressive loss of cardiomyocytes after MI. One aim of cardiac tissue engineering is to develop implantable constructs (e.g. cardiac patches) that provide physical and biochemical cues for myocardium regeneration. To this end, vascularization in these constructs is of great importance and one key issue involved is the spatiotemporal control of growth-factor (GF)-release profiles. The other key issue is to non-invasively quantitatively monitor the success of these constructs in-situ, which will be essential for longitudinal assessments as studies are advanced from ex-vivo to animal models and human patients. To address these issues, the present research aims to develop nanoparticles to modulate the temporal control of GF release in cardiac patches, and to develop synchrotron X-ray phase contrast tomography for visualization and quantitative assessment of 3D-printed cardiac patch implanted in a rat MI model, with four specific objectives presented below. The first research objective is to optimize nanoparticle-fabrication process in terms of particle size, polydispersity, loading capacity, zeta potential and morphology. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive experimental study was performed to examine various process parameters used in the fabrication of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles, along with the development of a novel computational approach for the nanoparticle-fabrication optimization. Results show that among various process parameters examined, the polymer and the external aqueous phase concentrations are the most significant ones to affect the nanoparticle physical and release characteristics. Also, the limitations of PLGA nanoparticles such as initial burst effect and the lack of time-delayed release patterns are identified. The second research objective is to develop bi-layer nanoparticles to achieve the controllable release of GFs, meanwhile overcoming the above identified limitations of PLGA nanoparticles. The bi-layer nanoparticle is composed of protein-encapsulating PLGA core and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)-rate regulating shell, thus allowing for low burst effect, protein structural integrity and time-delayed release patterns. The bi-layer nanoparticles, along with PLGA ones, were successfully fabricated and then used to regulate simultaneous and/or sequential release of multiple angiogenic factors with the results demonstrating that they are effective to promote angiogenesis in fibrin matrix. The third objective is to develop novel mathematical models to represent the controlled-release of bioactive agents from nanoparticles. For this, two models, namely the mechanistic model and geno-mechanistic model, were developed based on the local and global volume averaging approaches, respectively, and then validated with experiments on both single- and bi-layer nanoparticles, by which the ovalbumin was used as a protein model for the release examination. The results illustrates the developed models are able to provide insight on the release mechanism and to predict nanoparticle transport and degradation properties of nanoparticles, thus providing a means to regulate and control the release of bioactive agents from the nanoparticles for tissue engineering applications. The fourth objective of this research is to develop a synchrotron-based phase contrast non-invasive imaging technique for visualization and quantitative assessment of cardiac patch implanted in a rat MI model. To this end, the patches were created from alginate strands using the three-dimensional (3D) printing technique and then surgically implanted on rat hearts for the assessment based on phase contrast tomography. The imaging of samples was performed at various sample-to-detector distances, CT-scan time, and areas of the region of interest (ROI) to examine their effects on imaging quality. Phase-retrieved images depict visible and quantifiable structural details of the patch at low radiation dose, which, however, are not seen from the images by means of dual absorption-phase and a 3T clinical magnetic resonance imaging. Taken together, this research represents a significant advance in cardiac tissue engineering by developing novel nano-guided approaches for vascularization in myocardium regeneration as well as non-invasive and quantitative monitoring techniques for longitudinal studies on the cardiac patch implanted in animal model and eventually in human patients

Predicting catastrophes: the role of criticality

Is prediction feasible in systems at criticality? While conventional scale-invariant arguments suggest a negative answer, evidence from simulation of driven-dissipative systems and real systems such as ruptures in material and crashes in the financial market have suggested otherwise. In this dissertation, I address the question of predictability at criticality by investigating two non-equilibrium systems: a driven-dissipative system called the OFC model which is used to describe earthquakes and damage spreading in the Ising model. Both systems display a phase transition at the critical point. By using machine learning, I show that in the OFC model, scaling events are indistinguishable from one another and only the large, non-scaling events are distinguishable from the small, scaling events. I also show that as the critical point is approached, predictability falls. For damage spreading in the Ising model, the opposite behavior is seen: the accuracy of predicting whether damage will spread or heal increases as the critical point is approached. I will also use machine learning to understand what are the useful precursors to the prediction problem

Topographic analysis of the centration of the treatment zone after Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) surgery for myopia and myopic astigmatism and comparison to Femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (FS-LASIK)

Introduction Corneal refractive surgery reshapes the cornea in order to change its refractive power and correct refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism. An important factor associated with the postoperative quality of vision is the centration of the treatment zone. A treatment zone that is decentered in relation to the visual axis may affect the functional corneal morphology and therefore the quality of the visual outcome after the treatment. Functional deficits, such as reduced corrected distance and near visual acuity, irregular astigmatism, halos, glare, reduced contrast sensitivity and monocular diplopia are associated with decentered treatment zones, even in cases of subclinical decentration (<1.0 mm). Purpose An argument often expressed by refractive surgeons is that in small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) a precise centration cannot be guaranteed due to the subjective intraoperative alignment and lack of eye tracking. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the centration of the treatment zone between eyes treated with SMILE and active eye-tracker assisted femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (FS-LASIK), and evaluate the pattern of the achieved centration. Methods In the present retrospective study, 69 myopic eyes of 36 patients who underwent SMILE were compared to 69 myopic eyes of 36 patients treated with FS-LASIK. All procedures were performed at the Department of Ophthalmology, Philipps University of Marburg, by a single surgeon using the VisuMax® femtosecond-laser and MEL-80® excimer-laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany). Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) was used for preoperative and 3-month postoperative topography and pachymetry. The centration of the treatment zone was estimated by the distance of the point of the maximum pachymetric difference (PMPD) on the corneal thickness differential map from the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex (CSCLR; reference point of centration of the treatment zone in SMILE) and the topographic centre of the entrance pupil (EPC; reference point of centration of the treatment zone in FS-LASIK). The distribution of angle K (angular distance between visual and pupillary axis) was assessed preoperatively in both groups by depicting the exact location of the CSCLR in relation to the EPC. The pattern of the achieved centration was evaluated by depicting on a Cartesian plane the location of the PMPD in relation to the EPC. The pattern of the achieved centration was compared to the preoperative pattern of angle K (pattern of the preoperative CSCLR in relation to the EPC). Results In SMILE group, the mean decentration of the treatment zone from the EPC was 0.326 ± 0.196 mm, ranging from 0.014 to 1.062 mm, whereas the centration of the treatment zone demonstrated a nasalization pattern. In FS-LASIK group, the mean decentration of the treatment zone from the EPC was 0.452 ± 0.224 mm, ranging from 0.02 to 1.040 mm, whereas the centration of the treatment zone demonstrated a random pattern. In relation to the CSCLR, the decentration in SMILE was 0.315 ± 0.211 mm, ranging from 0.0 to 1.131 mm, whereas FS-LASIK eyes demonstrated a mean decentration of 0.516 ± 0.254 mm, ranging from 0.103 to 1.265 mm. The decentration from the reference point of its technique (CSCLR in SMILE; EPC in FS-LASIK) was significantly more extended in FS-LASIK group (P < 0.001). The evaluation of angle K based on the location of the preoperative CSCLR in relation to the EPC showed in SMILE group 32 right eyes and 24 left eyes with positive angle K, 2 right eyes and 11 left eyes with negative angle K, and no eyes with 0° angle K. In FS-LASIK group, there were 29 right eyes and 22 left eyes with positive angle K, 3 right eyes and 14 left eyes with negative angle K, and 1 right eye with 0° angle K. In both groups, the location of the preoperative CSCLR demonstrated a nasalization pattern. In SMILE group, the mean distance of the point corresponding to the preoperative CSCLR from the EPC was 0.227 ± 0.121 mm, ranging from 0.014 to 0.602 mm, and in FS-LASIK group was 0.206 ± 0.097 mm, ranging from 0.045 to 0.457 mm. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.201). After SMILE, the achieved centration followed the preoperative pattern of angle K in 52 out of 69 eyes (75.36%), whereas only 32 of 69 eyes (46.37%) followed that pattern after FS-LASIK (P < 0.001). Conclusions The centration of the treatment zone as evaluated on corneal thickness differential maps was better for patient-controlled fixation during SMILE compared to active eye tracker-assisted FS-LASIK. Moreover, the results suggest that centring the refractive procedure on the CSCLR (as in SMILE), results in a more natural outcome, which follows the preoperative pattern of angle K as opposed to centring the refractive procedure on the EPC (as in FS-LASIK)

The Impact of Soft CL Wear on Corneal Curvature and Thickness and on the Outcomes of Refractive Laser Surgery

Introduction: Soft CL (SCL) wear can alter the cornea and have significant effects on vision quality (Hardten and Gosavi, 2009; Pflugfelder et al., 2002; Ryan and Jacob, 1996; Tseng et al., 2007). This may have implications for visual outcomes following corneal refractive surgery (CRS) (Tang et al., 2005). The time required for resolution of these SCL-induced changes can vary (González-Méijome et al., 2003a; Hashemi et al., 2008; Ng et al., 2007; Nourouzi et al., 2006; Schornack, 2003; Wang et al., 2002b). Despite this, current guidelines relating to cessation of SCL wear prior to CRS vary greatly, and are lacking in relation to the criteria required to achieve stability of measurements (FDA, 2014; Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 2011). Purpose: To examine the influence of SCL wear on cornea structure, the corneal epithelium and endothelium and the outcomes of CRS. Methodology: The cornea and CRS outcomes were compared between patients who wore SCLs (n = 179) against a non-CL wearing control group (NCL) (n= 148). Results and conclusion: SCL wear had a significant effect on corneal curvature (mean anterior inferior tangential radii SCL 7.77mm, NCL 7.90mm, p = 0.04). Peripheral endothelial cell density (SCL = 3109 cells/mm2, NCL = 2935.08 cells/mm2, p = 0.03), mean endothelial cell area (SCL = 322.25 cells/mm2, NCL = 346.92 cells/mm2, p = 0.00) and coefficient of variation of cell size (SCL = 29.13, NCL = 25.63, p = 0.00) were significantly affected by SCL wear. Six weeks following LASIK central epithelial thickness was significantly thicker in the SCL group (59.65 ±6.20μm) compared with the NCL group (54.42 ±8.12μm, p = 0.04) whereas the epithelial thickness in the nasal periphery was significantly thinner in the SCL group (59.52 ±7.01μm) compared with the NCL group (65.83 ±9.16μm, p = 0.03). Although 24 hours was insufficient for resolution of these changes, 2 weeks SCL cessation was sufficient. Previous SCL wear had no negative impact on visual outcomes following CRS compared with a NCL control group, regardless of previous SCL cessation time prior to CRS (all p values \u3e 0.05)