The Little W-Net That Could: State-of-the-Art Retinal Vessel Segmentation with Minimalistic Models

The segmentation of the retinal vasculature from eye fundus images represents one of the most fundamental tasks in retinal image analysis. Over recent years, increasingly complex approaches based on sophisticated Convolutional Neural Network architectures have been slowly pushing performance on well-established benchmark datasets. In this paper, we take a step back and analyze the real need of such complexity. Specifically, we demonstrate that a minimalistic version of a standard U-Net with several orders of magnitude less parameters, carefully trained and rigorously evaluated, closely approximates the performance of current best techniques. In addition, we propose a simple extension, dubbed W-Net, which reaches outstanding performance on several popular datasets, still using orders of magnitude less learnable weights than any previously published approach. Furthermore, we provide the most comprehensive cross-dataset performance analysis to date, involving up to 10 different databases. Our analysis demonstrates that the retinal vessel segmentation problem is far from solved when considering test images that differ substantially from the training data, and that this task represents an ideal scenario for the exploration of domain adaptation techniques. In this context, we experiment with a simple self-labeling strategy that allows us to moderately enhance cross-dataset performance, indicating that there is still much room for improvement in this area. Finally, we also test our approach on the Artery/Vein segmentation problem, where we again achieve results well-aligned with the state-of-the-art, at a fraction of the model complexity in recent literature. All the code to reproduce the results in this paper is released

Cyber-Human Systems, Space Technologies, and Threats

CYBER-HUMAN SYSTEMS, SPACE TECHNOLOGIES, AND THREATS is our eighth textbook in a series covering the world of UASs / CUAS/ UUVs / SPACE. Other textbooks in our series are Space Systems Emerging Technologies and Operations; Drone Delivery of CBNRECy – DEW Weapons: Emerging Threats of Mini-Weapons of Mass Destruction and Disruption (WMDD); Disruptive Technologies with applications in Airline, Marine, Defense Industries; Unmanned Vehicle Systems & Operations On Air, Sea, Land; Counter Unmanned Aircraft Systems Technologies and Operations; Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the Cyber Domain: Protecting USA’s Advanced Air Assets, 2nd edition; and Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the Cyber Domain Protecting USA’s Advanced Air Assets, 1st edition. Our previous seven titles have received considerable global recognition in the field. (Nichols & Carter, 2022) (Nichols, et al., 2021) (Nichols R. K., et al., 2020) (Nichols R. , et al., 2020) (Nichols R. , et al., 2019) (Nichols R. K., 2018) (Nichols R. K., et al., 2022)https://newprairiepress.org/ebooks/1052/thumbnail.jp

Microscopy Conference 2017 (MC 2017) - Proceedings

Das Dokument enthält die Kurzfassungen der Beiträge aller Teilnehmer an der Mikroskopiekonferenz "MC 2017", die vom 21. bis 25.08.2017, in Lausanne stattfand

Microscopy Conference 2017 (MC 2017) - Proceedings

Das Dokument enthält die Kurzfassungen der Beiträge aller Teilnehmer an der Mikroskopiekonferenz "MC 2017", die vom 21. bis 25.08.2017, in Lausanne stattfand

Medical image segmentation based on deep feature learning and multistage classification

Automatic segmentation of target organs in medical image plays a crucial role in the computer-aided diagnosis of human diseases, like retinal vessel from fundus image, and melanoma from dermoscopic image. Manual segmentation of those tissues is a time-consuming and labor-intensive task that is not feasible for clinicians to annotate a large amount of medical images by hand. Thus, a reliable medical image segmentation system with lower cost and less human interaction than the observation-based techniques is attractive in the field of medical image analysis. This thesis investigates medical image segmentation architectures through deep feature learning and multistage classification. Specifically, we proposed two novel multistage classification schemes for retinal vessel segmentation. For more complex and large dermoscopic image data analysis issue, we proposed a novel deep feature learning scheme for skin lesion segmentation. Details of the completed works are summarized as follows: In the first scheme, a novel and robust retinal vessel segmentation framework is proposed, which envelops a set of computationally efficient Mahalanobis distance classifiers to form a highly nonlinear decision. Different from other nonlinear classifiers that need a predefined nonlinear kernel or an iterative training, the proposed cascade classification framework is trained by a one-pass feedforward process. Thus, the degree of nonlinearity of the proposed classifier is not predefined, but determined by the complexity of the data structure. Experimental evaluations on three publicly available datasets show that the proposed cascade classification framework achieves high vessel segmentation accuracy consistently on all three diverse datasets. In the second scheme, a hierarchical architecture for retinal vessel segmentation based on a divide-and-conquer strategy is designed. Current works for retinal vessel segmentation typically train a global discriminative model for retinal vessel classification that is still not sufficient to fit the complex pattern of vessel structure. In fact, the large geometrical structure difference among retinal vessels with different scales and positions greatly limits the precision of the decision boundary of the global discriminative model. To overcome this problem, an efficient dividing algorithm, named multiplex vessel partition (MVP), is proposed to divide the retinal vessel into well constrained subsets where vessel samples with the same geometrical property are assigned together. Then, a set of homogeneous classifiers are trained in parallel to form discriminative decision for each subset. Moreover, a funnel-structured vessel segmentation (FsVS) framework is proposed to link the classification results from each disjoint subset. It reduces the probability of poor partition at the dividing phase and further enhances the discriminative capability of the decision model. Both quantitative and qualitative experimental comparisons on three publicly datasets demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of the proposed work on retinal vessel segmentation. In the last scheme, a bi-directional feature dermoscopic learning framework with multiscale consistent decision fusion is proposed for skin lesion segmentation. Previously published skin lesion segmentation works enhance lesion detection performance by using deep learning based methods like fully convolutional network (FCN). Nevertheless, relationship between skin lesions and their informative context, as well as the consistency of the decision from multiple classification layers, have not yet been well explored by these previous studies. Different from the naive way of FCN learning an abstract feature representation of image, this thesis proposes a bi-directional dermoscopic feature learning (biDFL) framework that produces rich dermoscopic feature maps by controlling information propagation from two complementary directions at high level parsing layer. With the integration of bi-directional feature information passing, the proposed biDFL module gives better insight to the network about the complex structure of the skin lesion. Furthermore, this thesis proposes a multiscale consistent decision fusion (mCDF) that is capable of selectively focusing on the informative decisions generated from multiple classification layers. By analysis of the consistency of the decision at each position, mCDF automatically adjusts the reliability of decisions and thus allows a more insightful skin lesion delineation. With the embedding of consistency analysis to the decisions from each classification layer, the proposed mCDF assists the network to learn better about which scales of features are more desirable for each pixel. The comprehensive experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method on skin lesion segmentation, achieving state-of-the-art performance consistently on two publicly available dermoscopic image datasets.Doctor of Philosoph