Object-oriented querying of existing relational databases

In this paper, we present algorithms which allow an object-oriented querying of existing relational databases. Our goal is to provide an improved query interface for relational systems with better query facilities than SQL. This seems to be very important since, in real world applications, relational systems are most commonly used and their dominance will remain in the near future. To overcome the drawbacks of relational systems, especially the poor query facilities of SQL, we propose a schema transformation and a query translation algorithm. The schema transformation algorithm uses additional semantic information to enhance the relational schema and transform it into a corresponding object-oriented schema. If the additional semantic information can be deducted from an underlying entity-relationship design schema, the schema transformation may be done fully automatically. To query the created object-oriented schema, we use the Structured Object Query Language (SOQL) which provides declarative query facilities on objects. SOQL queries using the created object-oriented schema are much shorter, easier to write and understand and more intuitive than corresponding S Q L queries leading to an enhanced usability and an improved querying of the database. The query translation algorithm automatically translates SOQL queries into equivalent SQL queries for the original relational schema

Query processing of geometric objects with free form boundarie sin spatial databases

The increasing demand for the use of database systems as an integrating factor in CAD/CAM applications has necessitated the development of database systems with appropriate modelling and retrieval capabilities. One essential problem is the treatment of geometric data which has led to the development of spatial databases. Unfortunately, most proposals only deal with simple geometric objects like multidimensional points and rectangles. On the other hand, there has been a rapid development in the field of representing geometric objects with free form curves or surfaces, initiated by engineering applications such as mechanical engineering, aviation or astronautics. Therefore, we propose a concept for the realization of spatial retrieval operations on geometric objects with free form boundaries, such as B-spline or Bezier curves, which can easily be integrated in a database management system. The key concept is the encapsulation of geometric operations in a so-called query processor. First, this enables the definition of an interface allowing the integration into the data model and the definition of the query language of a database system for complex objects. Second, the approach allows the use of an arbitrary representation of the geometric objects. After a short description of the query processor, we propose some representations for free form objects determined by B-spline or Bezier curves. The goal of efficient query processing in a database environment is achieved using a combination of decomposition techniques and spatial access methods. Finally, we present some experimental results indicating that the performance of decomposition techniques is clearly superior to traditional query processing strategies for geometric objects with free form boundaries

Automatic Pain Assessment by Learning from Multiple Biopotentials

Kivun täsmällinen arviointi on tärkeää kivunhallinnassa, erityisesti sairaan- hoitoa vaativille ipupotilaille. Kipu on subjektiivista, sillä se ei ole pelkästään aistituntemus, vaan siihen saattaa liittyä myös tunnekokemuksia. Tällöin itsearviointiin perustuvat kipuasteikot ovat tärkein työkalu, niin auan kun potilas pystyy kokemuksensa arvioimaan. Arviointi on kuitenkin haasteellista potilailla, jotka eivät itse pysty kertomaan kivustaan. Kliinisessä hoito- työssä kipua pyritään objektiivisesti arvioimaan esimerkiksi havainnoimalla fysiologisia muuttujia kuten sykettä ja käyttäytymistä esimerkiksi potilaan kasvonilmeiden perusteella. Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena on automatisoida arviointiprosessi hyödyntämällä koneoppimismenetelmiä yhdessä biosignaalien prosessointnin kanssa. Tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi mitattiin autonomista keskushermoston toimintaa kuvastavia biopotentiaaleja: sydänsähkökäyrää, galvaanista ihoreaktiota ja kasvolihasliikkeitä mittaavaa lihassähkökäyrää. Mittaukset tehtiin terveillä vapaaehtoisilla, joille aiheutettiin kokeellista kipuärsykettä. Järestelmän kehittämiseen tarvittavaa tietokantaa varten rakennettiin biopotentiaaleja keräävä Internet of Things -pohjainen tallennusjärjestelmä. Koostetun tietokannan avulla kehitettiin biosignaaleille prosessointimenetelmä jatku- vaan kivun arviointiin. Signaaleista eroteltiin piirteitä sekuntitasoon mukautetuilla aikaikkunoilla. Piirteet visualisoitiin ja tarkasteltiin eri luokittelijoilla kivun ja kiputason tunnistamiseksi. Parhailla luokittelumenetelmillä saavutettiin kivuntunnistukseen 90% herkkyyskyky (sensitivity) ja 84% erottelukyky (specificity) ja kivun voimakkuuden arviointiin 62,5% tarkkuus (accuracy). Tulokset vahvistavat kyseisen käsittelytavan käyttökelpoisuuden erityis- esti tunnistettaessa kipua yksittäisessä arviointi-ikkunassa. Tutkimus vahvistaa biopotentiaalien avulla kehitettävän automatisoidun kivun arvioinnin toteutettavuuden kokeellisella kivulla, rohkaisten etenemään todellisen kivun tutkimiseen samoilla menetelmillä. Menetelmää kehitettäessä suoritettiin lisäksi vertailua ja yhteenvetoa automaattiseen kivuntunnistukseen kehitettyjen eri tutkimusten välisistä samankaltaisuuksista ja eroista. Tarkastelussa löytyi signaalien eroavaisuuksien lisäksi tutkimusmuotojen aiheuttamaa eroa arviointitavoitteisiin, mikä hankaloitti tutkimusten vertailua. Lisäksi pohdit- tiin mitkä perinteisten prosessointitapojen osiot rajoittavat tai edistävät ennustekykyä ja miten, sekä tuoko optimointi läpimurtoa järjestelmän näkökulmasta.Accurate pain assessment plays an important role in proper pain management, especially among hospitalized people experience acute pain. Pain is subjective in nature which is not only a sensory feeling but could also combine affective factors. Therefore self-report pain scales are the main assessment tools as long as patients are able to self-report. However, it remains a challenge to assess the pain from the patients who cannot self-report. In clinical practice, physiological parameters like heart rate and pain behaviors including facial expressions are observed as empirical references to infer pain objectively. The main aim of this study is to automate such process by leveraging machine learning methods and biosignal processing. To achieve this goal, biopotentials reflecting autonomic nervous system activities including electrocardiogram and galvanic skin response, and facial expressions measured with facial electromyograms were recorded from healthy volunteers undergoing experimental pain stimulus. IoT-enabled biopotential acquisition systems were developed to build the database aiming at providing compact and wearable solutions. Using the database, a biosignal processing flow was developed for continuous pain estimation. Signal features were extracted with customized time window lengths and updated every second. The extracted features were visualized and fed into multiple classifiers trained to estimate the presence of pain and pain intensity separately. Among the tested classifiers, the best pain presence estimating sensitivity achieved was 90% (specificity 84%) and the best pain intensity estimation accuracy achieved was 62.5%. The results show the validity of the proposed processing flow, especially in pain presence estimation at window level. This study adds one more piece of evidence on the feasibility of developing an automatic pain assessment tool from biopotentials, thus providing the confidence to move forward to real pain cases. In addition to the method development, the similarities and differences between automatic pain assessment studies were compared and summarized. It was found that in addition to the diversity of signals, the estimation goals also differed as a result of different study designs which made cross dataset comparison challenging. We also tried to discuss which parts in the classical processing flow would limit or boost the prediction performance and whether optimization can bring a breakthrough from the system’s perspective

Achieving quality medical equipment in developing countries through remanufacturing

Remanufacturing restores a used product to at least, its original equipment manufacturers (OEM) performance specification from the customer’s perspective and gives the resultant product a warranty that is at least equal to that of newly manufactured equivalent product. It is a wise option as it offers high quality products at lower price since remanufactured products are substantially cheaper than new products of equivalent quality. Remanufacturing also has social, economic, and environmental benefits since it has the potential to become a source of revenue, create jobs and reduce environmental pollution. While remanufacturing is common in industries such as automobile and aviation, its application and benefits in the medical device industry have not been investigated. Medical devices are crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries but are inequitably distributed globally, such that there is acute shortage in developing countries with consequent high mortality rates over disease and adverse health conditions that could be treated if the right equipment were available. Several strategies have been considered to eliminate or mitigate this issue. However, neither has remanufacturing been considered a potential solution to this issue nor key factors in implementing medical equipment remanufacturing for developing countries been identified. This study proposes remanufacturing as a potential sustainable solution to this issue. The research was conducted in 3 phases following a multiphase mixed methods design. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gather data while pre-figured thematic analysis, Decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used to analyse the data. Main findings of this research include the following: (1) medical equipment remanufacturing can address 5 out of 11 causes of poor medical equipment availability accounting for 43.5% of the overall prominence. (2) A definition and decision support frameworks for medical equipment remanufacturing that could help to improve availability of quality medical equipment in developing countries (3) Major concerns in implementing medical equipment remanufacturing. (4) Impact of perception on the purchase intention for remanufactured medical equipment. This research is the first to identify the potential impact of remanufacturing in addressing medical equipment availability issues in developing countries, to characterise medical equipment remanufacturing towards this end. It is unique in its application of DEMATEL to the study of root causes of poor availability of medical equipment in developing countries and in applying behavioural science in understanding its purchase intentions.Remanufacturing restores a used product to at least, its original equipment manufacturers (OEM) performance specification from the customer’s perspective and gives the resultant product a warranty that is at least equal to that of newly manufactured equivalent product. It is a wise option as it offers high quality products at lower price since remanufactured products are substantially cheaper than new products of equivalent quality. Remanufacturing also has social, economic, and environmental benefits since it has the potential to become a source of revenue, create jobs and reduce environmental pollution. While remanufacturing is common in industries such as automobile and aviation, its application and benefits in the medical device industry have not been investigated. Medical devices are crucial in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries but are inequitably distributed globally, such that there is acute shortage in developing countries with consequent high mortality rates over disease and adverse health conditions that could be treated if the right equipment were available. Several strategies have been considered to eliminate or mitigate this issue. However, neither has remanufacturing been considered a potential solution to this issue nor key factors in implementing medical equipment remanufacturing for developing countries been identified. This study proposes remanufacturing as a potential sustainable solution to this issue. The research was conducted in 3 phases following a multiphase mixed methods design. Questionnaires and interviews were used to gather data while pre-figured thematic analysis, Decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were used to analyse the data. Main findings of this research include the following: (1) medical equipment remanufacturing can address 5 out of 11 causes of poor medical equipment availability accounting for 43.5% of the overall prominence. (2) A definition and decision support frameworks for medical equipment remanufacturing that could help to improve availability of quality medical equipment in developing countries (3) Major concerns in implementing medical equipment remanufacturing. (4) Impact of perception on the purchase intention for remanufactured medical equipment. This research is the first to identify the potential impact of remanufacturing in addressing medical equipment availability issues in developing countries, to characterise medical equipment remanufacturing towards this end. It is unique in its application of DEMATEL to the study of root causes of poor availability of medical equipment in developing countries and in applying behavioural science in understanding its purchase intentions

Ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GBSAR) interferometry for deformation monitoring

Ph. D ThesisGround-based synthetic aperture radar (GBSAR), together with interferometry, represents a powerful tool for deformation monitoring. GBSAR has inherent flexibility, allowing data to be collected with adjustable temporal resolutions through either continuous or discontinuous mode. The goal of this research is to develop a framework to effectively utilise GBSAR for deformation monitoring in both modes, with the emphasis on accuracy, robustness, and real-time capability. To achieve this goal, advanced Interferometric SAR (InSAR) processing algorithms have been proposed to address existing issues in conventional interferometry for GBSAR deformation monitoring. The proposed interferometric algorithms include a new non-local method for the accurate estimation of coherence and interferometric phase, a new approach to selecting coherent pixels with the aim of maximising the density of selected pixels and optimizing the reliability of time series analysis, and a rigorous model for the correction of atmospheric and repositioning errors. On the basis of these algorithms, two complete interferometric processing chains have been developed: one for continuous and the other for discontinuous GBSAR deformation monitoring. The continuous chain is able to process infinite incoming images in real time and extract the evolution of surface movements through temporally coherent pixels. The discontinuous chain integrates additional automatic coregistration of images and correction of repositioning errors between different campaigns. Successful deformation monitoring applications have been completed, including three continuous (a dune, a bridge, and a coastal cliff) and one discontinuous (a hillside), which have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented algorithms and chains for high-accuracy GBSAR interferometric measurement. Significant deformation signals were detected from the three continuous applications and no deformation from the discontinuous. The achieved results are justified quantitatively via a defined precision indicator for the time series estimation and validated qualitatively via a priori knowledge of these observing sites.China Scholarship Council (CSC), Newcastle Universit

Pain Management

Pain Management - Current Issues and Opinions is written by international experts who cover a number of topics about current pain management problems, and gives the reader a glimpse into the future of pain treatment. Several chapters report original research, while others summarize clinical information with specific treatment options. The international mix of authors reflects the "casting of a broad net" to recruit authors on the cutting edge of their area of interest. Pain Management - Current Issues and Opinions is a must read for the up-to-date pain clinician

Patient radiation dose issues resulting from the use of CT in the UK

In this report, COMARE presents a comprehensive review of the radiation dose issues associated with CT scans in the UK. The implications of the increase in the numbers of CT scans in the UK are considered in the report, with focus on the number of younger patients undergoing CT scans, who have greater sensitivity to x-rays. The report provides an update on the radiation protection aspects of justification (balancing risk and benefit) and optimisation (balancing the risk from the radiation dose with the quality of the image)

Neurostimulation of the Rat Motor System

Ce document fait la synthèse d'un ensemble de travaux concernant la nature de la plasticité neuronale et la manière dont la neurostimulation peut être utilisée pour améliorer la récupération motrice après une atteinte neurologique. Nous commençons par les principes fondamentaux généraux des neurosciences, la structure du système nerveux moteur chez l'homme et le rat, ainsi qu'une brève discussion sur les lésions neurologiques. Les sujets sont vastes et couverts avec la brièveté nécessaire, mais ils fournissent un contexte essentiel pour les chapitres suivants, présentés sous forme d'articles scientifiques. Dans le premier article, nous passons en revue le domaine de la neurostimulation sous ses aspects fondamental et clinique avec l'Accident Vasculaire Cerebral (AVC) en tant que maladie modèle pour les lésions neurologiques. Nous classifions les interventions de stimulation en trois modèles différents d'induction de la plasticité. Notre thèse centrale est qu'une meilleure compréhension des règles sous-jacentes de la plasticité, accompagnée de progrès dans une plus grande précision spatio-temporelle, est nécessaire pour faire avancer le domaine de la neurostimulation. Dans le deuxième article, nous décrivons, étape par étape, un nouveau protocole pour évaluer l'excitabilité corticospinale chez le rongeur éveillé pendant le comportement libre, ainsi que les plateformes matérielles et logicielles associées que notre équipe a développées à cette fin. L'une de ses principale caractéristique est la possibilité d'évaluer l'excitabilité corticomotrice en boucle fermée, en fonction de l'EMG, une nouvelle façon d'accroître l'uniformité des mesures sur des animaux en comportement. Cette plateforme de développement sera utile aux neuroscientifiques intéressés par l'évaluation de l'excitabilité du système nerveux chez les rongeurs éveillés par le biais d'une interrogation électrique ou optogénétique, un intermédiaire important avant les essais chez les primates non humains et éventuellement chez les humains. Dans le troisième article, nous avons utilisé cette plateforme prototype pour étudier la stimulation électrique associative appariée et le rôle de la plasticité dépendant de la synchronisation des potentiels d'action chez des rats implantés de façon chronique, sans l'influence de l'anesthésie. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur la variation systématique de l'intervalle entre la stimulation corticale et musculaire dans notre cohorte d'animaux afin de révéler l'effet de la synchronisation relative de l'activité aux niveaux cortical et spinal. Nous n'avons pas observé de potentialisation significative dans tous les intervalles de stimulation testés, mais plutôt des tendances vers des effets de type LTD dans la plupart des conditions de synchronisation. Nous discutons des raisons possibles pour lesquelles nous avons observé ces résultats. Dans le dernier article et dans le projet en cours, nous décrivons les premiers travaux prometteurs impliquant la neurostimulation optogénétique et électrique, ainsi que la réadaptation post-AVC comme tremplin pour des recherches futures. Nous concluons par une discussion générale et nous nous projetons dans l'avenir, tant à moyen qu'à long terme. La poursuite scientifique, tant sur le plan personnel que sur celui du domaine, se poursuivra, comme il se doit. Bien que ce travail soit conçu pour être lu dans un ordre séquentiel, chaque chapitre est indépendant. Collectivement, les travaux de cette thèse posent les bases et plaident en faveur d'une meilleure compréhension de la plasticité neuronale, du développement d'outils pour l'évaluer et de l'étude de ses applications pratiques pour parvenir à une meilleure récupération motrice après une lésion neurologique.This document synthesizes a body of work concerning the nature of neural plasticity and how neurostimulation may be used to improve motor recovery after neurological insult. We begin with general foundational principles in neuroscience, the structure of the nervous and motor systems in humans and rats, and a brief discussion of neurological injury. The topics are broad and covered with the necessary brevity, but provides critical context for the following chapters. In the first paper, we review the fields of neurostimulation across the clinical and basic science domains in the service of stroke as a model disease for neurological injury, framing the field in terms of three different models of plasticity induction. Our central thesis here is that enhanced understanding of the underlying rules of plasticity, accompanied with advances in greater spatiotemporal precision is necessary to move the field of neurostimulation forward. In the second paper we describe a stable, novel step-by-step protocol to assess corticospinal excitability in the awake, freely behaving rodent, and the associated hardware and software platforms that our team has developed for this purpose. A core feature enables corticomotor excitability assessment in a closed-loop, Electromyogram (EMG)-dependent manner, a novel way of increasing consistency during free behavior in untrained animals. This development platform will be of use to neuroscientists interested in assessing the excitability of the nervous system in awake, unrestrained rodents via electrical or optogenetic interrogation, an important intermediary before trials in non-human primates and eventually humans. In the third paper, we used this prototype platform to investigate electrical paired associative stimulation and the role of spike-timing-dependent plasticity in chronically implanted rats, without the influence of anaesthesia. Our focus was on systematically varying the Inter-Stimulus Interval (ISI) between cortical and muscle stimulation in our animal cohort in order to reveal the effect of relative activity timing at both the cortical and spinal levels. We did not observe significant potentiation across all of the stimulus intervals we tested, but instead observed trends towards Long-Term Depression (LTD)-like effects in the short term across most timing conditions. We discuss possible reasons why we observed these results. In the final paper and project currently in progress, we describe early promising work involving optogenetic and electrical neurostimulation, and stroke recovery as a launchpad for future investigations. We conclude with a general discussion and peer into the future, both in the medium term and the long term. The scientific pursuit, both personally and as a field will continue, as it should. Although this work is designed to be read in sequential order, each chapter stands alone. Collectively, the work in this thesis lays the groundwork and argues for a greater understanding of neural plasticity, development of tools to assess it, and study of its practical applications to achieve enhanced motor recovery after neurological injury

From Photography to fMRI

Hysteria, a mysterious disease known since antiquity, is said to have ceased to exist. Challenging this commonly held view, this is the first cross-disciplinary study to examine the current functional neuroimaging research into hysteria and compare it to the nineteenth-century image-based research into the same disorder. Paula Muhr's central argument is that, both in the nineteenth-century and the current neurobiological research on hysteria, images have enabled researchers to generate new medical insights. Through detailed case studies, Muhr traces how different images, from photography to functional brain scans, have reshaped the historically situated medical understanding of this disorder that defies the mind-body dualism

Integrated information theory in complex neural systems

This thesis concerns Integrated Information Theory (IIT), a branch of information theory aimed at providing a fundamental theory of consciousness. At its core, lie two powerful intuitions: • That a system that is somehow more than the sum of its parts has non-zero integrated information, Φ; and • That a system with non-zero integrated information is conscious. The audacity of IIT’s claims about consciousness has (understandably) sparked vigorous criticism, and experimental evidence for IIT as a theory of consciousness remains scarce and indirect. Nevertheless, I argue that IIT still has merits as a theory of informational complexity within complexity science, leaving aside all claims about consciousness. In my work I follow this broad line of reasoning: showcasing applications where IIT yields rich analyses of complex systems, while critically examining its merits and limitations as a theory of consciousness. This thesis is divided in three parts. First, I describe three example applications of IIT to complex systems from the computational neuroscience literature (coupled oscillators, spiking neurons, and cellular automata), and develop novel Φ estimators to extend IIT’s range of applicability. Second, I show two important limitations of current IIT: that its axiomatic foundation is not specific enough to determine a unique measure of integrated information; and that available measures do not behave as predicted by the theory when applied to neurophysiological data. Finally, I present new theoretical developments aimed at alleviating some of IIT’s flaws. These are based on the concepts of partial information decomposition and lead to a unification of both theories, Integrated Information Decomposition, or ΦID. The thesis concludes with two experimental studies on M/EEG data, showing that a much simpler informational theory of consciousness – the entropic brain hypothesis – can yield valuable insight without the mathematical challenges brought by IIT.Open Acces