2,265 research outputs found
Blockchain for Future Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey
The concept of smart grid has been introduced as a new vision of the
conventional power grid to figure out an efficient way of integrating green and
renewable energy technologies. In this way, Internet-connected smart grid, also
called energy Internet, is also emerging as an innovative approach to ensure
the energy from anywhere at any time. The ultimate goal of these developments
is to build a sustainable society. However, integrating and coordinating a
large number of growing connections can be a challenging issue for the
traditional centralized grid system. Consequently, the smart grid is undergoing
a transformation to the decentralized topology from its centralized form. On
the other hand, blockchain has some excellent features which make it a
promising application for smart grid paradigm. In this paper, we aim to provide
a comprehensive survey on application of blockchain in smart grid. As such, we
identify the significant security challenges of smart grid scenarios that can
be addressed by blockchain. Then, we present a number of blockchain-based
recent research works presented in different literatures addressing security
issues in the area of smart grid. We also summarize several related practical
projects, trials, and products that have been emerged recently. Finally, we
discuss essential research challenges and future directions of applying
blockchain to smart grid security issues.Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures, 5 table
A Review on the Application of Blockchain for the Next Generation of Cybersecure Industry 4.0 Smart Factories
Industry 4.0 is a concept devised for improving the way modern factories
operate through the use of some of the latest technologies, like the ones used
for creating Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), robotics or Big Data
applications. One of such technologies is blockchain, which is able to add
trust, security and decentralization to different industrial fields. This
article focuses on analyzing the benefits and challenges that arise when using
blockchain and smart contracts to develop Industry 4.0 applications. In
addition, this paper presents a thorough review on the most relevant
blockchain-based applications for Industry 4.0 technologies. Thus, its aim is
to provide a detailed guide for future Industry 4.0 developers that allows for
determining how blockchain can enhance the next generation of cybersecure
industrial applications
A Roadmap Towards Resilient Internet of Things for Cyber-Physical Systems
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a ubiquitous system connecting many different
devices - the things - which can be accessed from the distance. The
cyber-physical systems (CPS) monitor and control the things from the distance.
As a result, the concepts of dependability and security get deeply intertwined.
The increasing level of dynamicity, heterogeneity, and complexity adds to the
system's vulnerability, and challenges its ability to react to faults. This
paper summarizes state-of-the-art of existing work on anomaly detection,
fault-tolerance and self-healing, and adds a number of other methods applicable
to achieve resilience in an IoT. We particularly focus on non-intrusive methods
ensuring data integrity in the network. Furthermore, this paper presents the
main challenges in building a resilient IoT for CPS which is crucial in the era
of smart CPS with enhanced connectivity (an excellent example of such a system
is connected autonomous vehicles). It further summarizes our solutions,
work-in-progress and future work to this topic to enable "Trustworthy IoT for
CPS". Finally, this framework is illustrated on a selected use case: A smart
sensor infrastructure in the transport domain.Comment: preprint (2018-10-29
EduCTX: A blockchain-based higher education credit platform
Blockchain technology enables the creation of a decentralized environment
where transactions and data are not under the control of any third party
organization. Any transaction ever completed is recorded in a public ledger in
a verifiable and permanent way. Based on blockchain technology, we propose a
global higher education credit platform, named EduCTX. This platform is based
on the concept of the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS).
It constitutes a globally trusted, decentralized higher education credit and
grading system that can offer a globally unified viewpoint for students and
higher education institutions (HEIs), as well as for other potential
stakeholders such as companies, institutions, and organizations. As a proof of
concept, we present a prototype implementation of the environment, based on the
open-source Ark Blockchain Platform. Based on a globally distributed
peer-to-peer network, EduCTX will process, manage and control ECTX tokens,
which represent credits that students gain for completed courses such as ECTS.
HEIs are the peers of the blockchain network. The platform is a first step
towards a more transparent and technologically advanced form of higher
education systems. The EduCTX platform represents the basis of the EduCTX
initiative which anticipates that various HEIs would join forces in order to
create a globally efficient, simplified and ubiquitous environment in order to
avoid language and administrative barriers. Therefore we invite and encourage
HEIs to join the EduCTX initiative and the EduCTX blockchain network.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure
Bitcoin and Decentralized Trust Protocols
Bitcoin is the first decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) electronic currency. It
was created in November 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Nakamoto released the first
implementation of the protocol in an open source client software and the
genesis of bitcoins began on January 9th 2009. The Bitcoin protocol is based on
clever ideas which solve a form of the Byzantine Generals Problem and sets the
foundation for Decentralized Trust Protocols. Still in its infancy, the
currency and the protocol have the potential to disrupt the international
financial system and other sectors where business is based on trusted third
parties. The security of the bitcoin protocol relies on strong cryptography and
one way hashing algorithms.Comment: This is a general survey article to appear on the June 2016 issue of
the Newsletter of the EMS. 8 pages, 5 figure
Privacy-Preserving Platform for Transactive Energy Systems
Transactive energy systems (TES) are emerging as a transformative solution
for the problems faced by distribution system operators due to an increase in
the use of distributed energy resources and a rapid acceleration in renewable
energy generation. These, on one hand, pose a decentralized power system
controls problem, requiring strategic microgrid control to maintain stability
for the community and for the utility. On the other hand, they require robust
financial markets operating on distributed software platforms that preserve
privacy. In this paper, we describe the implementation of a novel,
blockchain-based transactive energy system. We outline the key requirements and
motivation of this platform, describe the lessons learned, and provide a
description of key architectural components of this system
Blockchain: Emerging Applications and Use Cases
Blockchain also known as a distributed ledger technology stores different
transactions/operations in a chain of blocks in a distributed manner without
needing a trusted third-party. Blockchain is proven to be immutable which helps
for integrity and accountability, and, to some extent, confidentiality through
a pair of public and private keys. Blockchain has been in the spotlight after
successful boom of the Bitcoin. There have been efforts to leverage salient
features of Blockchain for different applications and use cases. This paper
present a comprehensive survey of applications and use cases of Blockchain
technology. Specifically, readers of this paper can have thorough understanding
of applications and user cases of Blockchain technology
DLedger: An IoT-Friendly Private Distributed Ledger System Based on DAG
With the ever growing Internet of Things (IoT) market, ledger systems are
facing new challenges to efficiently store and secure enormous customer records
collected by the IoT devices. The authenticity, availability, and integrity of
these records are critically important for both business providers and
customers. In this paper, we describe DLedger, a lightweight and resilient
distributed ledger system. Instead of a single chain of blocks, DLedger builds
the ledger over a directed acyclic graph (DAG), so that its operations can
tolerate network partition and intermittent connectivity. Instead of
compute-intensive Proof-of-Work (PoW), DLedger utilizes Proof-of-Authentication
(PoA), whose light-weight operations are IoT-friendly, to achieve consensus.
Furthermore, DLedger is built upon a data-centric network called Named Data
Networking (NDN), which facilitates the peer-to-peer data dissemination in
heterogeneous IoT networks
When Energy Trading meets Blockchain in Electrical Power System: The State of the Art
With the rapid growth of renewable energy resources, the energy trading began
to shift from centralized to distributed manner. Blockchain, as a distributed
public ledger technology, has been widely adopted to design new energy trading
schemes. However, there are many challenging issues for blockchain-based energy
trading, i.e., low efficiency, high transaction cost, security & privacy
issues. To tackle with the above challenges, many solutions have been proposed.
In this survey, the blockchain-based energy trading in electrical power system
is thoroughly investigated. Firstly, the challenges in blockchain-based energy
trading are identified. Then, the existing energy trading schemes are studied
and classified into three categories based on their main focus: energy
transaction, consensus mechanism, and system optimization. And each category is
presented in detail. Although existing schemes can meet the specific energy
trading requirements, there are still many unsolved problems. Finally, the
discussion and future directions are given
Scalable and Secure Architecture for Distributed IoT Systems
Internet-of-things (IoT) is perpetually revolutionizing our daily life and
rapidly transforming physical objects into an ubiquitous connected ecosystem.
Due to their massive deployment and moderate security levels, those devices
face a lot of security, management, and control challenges. Their classical
centralized architecture is still cloaking vulnerabilities and anomalies that
can be exploited by hackers for spying, eavesdropping, and taking control of
the network. In this paper, we propose to improve the IoT architecture with
additional security features using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain
technology. We propose a novel architecture based on permissioned blockchain
technology in order to build a scalable and decentralized end-to-end secure IoT
system. Furthermore, we enhance the IoT system security with an AI-component at
the gateway level to detect and classify suspected activities, malware, and
cyber-attacks using machine learning techniques. Simulations and practical
implementation show that the proposed architecture delivers high performance
against cyber-attacks.Comment: This paper is accepted for publication in IEEE Technology &
Engineering Management Conference (TEMSCON'20), Detroit, USA, jun, 202
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