Recommendation domains for pond aquaculture: country case study: development and status of freshwater aquaculture in Henan Province, China

This monograph is the case study for China, with a particular focus on Henan Province, the project location. Written in three parts, it first describes the historical background, production levels and trends, economic and institutional environment, policy issues, and market situation in China in general. The main part of the study presents findings from two different surveys conducted in Henan Province. County-level information is used to analyze the current situation of aquaculture, providing a more disaggregated picture than what is generally available from national statistics. Data collected in a survey of fish farmers in two locations in Henan are then analyzed with regard to the prevailing aquaculture technology and production practices, economic performance of pond fish farming, and the key reasons for aquaculture adoption. In the final chapter, constraints and opportunities for the aquaculture sector in China in general are discussed.Freshwater aquaculture, Economic analysis, Trade, Ecosystems, Pond culture, Fish consumption, Food security, Policies, Regulations, Legislation, Socioeconomic aspects, Yield, China, People's Rep.,

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT FUND IN HENAN, CHINA

The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of sustainable development of the industrial investment fund for the local government in Henan, China. In China, the industrial investment fund began with the establishment of an overseas investment fund. China has become the second-largest equity investment market in the world. In recent years, industrial capital has thrived. Local government investment funds in China also have a broader role and value and become an important financing channel that can be operated and promoted by local governments. Methodologically, this study constitutes a quantitative study. Rather than describing variables as a cause, another is the effect. In this study, it is aimed at all residents in Henan Province, China. The review uses the simple random sampling method under the probability sampling design, utilising survey methods that include standardised questionnaires. Finally, 520 samples were used for this study. The result shows that industrial investment fund for the local government in Henan, China will be an infrastructure for economic progression. Article visualizations

GROWTH SUFFICIENCY OF THE INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT FUND FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN HENAN, CHINA

This study aims to explore the determinants of sufficient growth of the Local Government Industrial Investment Fund in Henan, China. The industrial investment fund in China started with the development of an overseas investment fund. China has become the world’s second-biggest equity investment market. Industrial capital has thrived in recent years. In China, local government investment funds also have a broader role and importance and are becoming an important funding mechanism that local governments can function and encourage. This research methodologically constitutes a quantitative study. Another is the consequence, rather than explaining variables as a cause. Under the probability sampling design, the analysis uses the basic random sampling approach, using survey methods that include structured questionnaires. The result indicates that the local government’s industrial investment fund in Henan, China, would be an infrastructure for economic development. Article visualizations

Social capital and management innovation: The case studies of two Chinese Private SMEs

China’s small and medium-sized private enterprises play a vital role in promoting economic growth, technological progress and social development. This thesis investigates the survival environment of China’s small and medium-sized enterprises, discusses their responses to various market risks and systemic obstacles and more deeply explores why they have become the main drivers of Chinese economic growth. Firstly, this thesis systematically reviews the development history and relevant research of China’s small and medium-sized enterprises. Secondly it reviews theory on small enterprises’ corporate governance, social capital theory and incentive theory. Thirdly, we analyze two cases of Chinese private enterprises with the purpose to illustrate emerging problems, devise possible solutions and seek clarification from the theories reviewed. The first case concerns an entrepreneurial company set up by Mr. and Mrs. Y, a couple who has worked and studied abroad. The company is engaged in the pavement construction of highways and in the sale of relevant road high-tech materials. The second case concerns a poultry and pig-breeding enterprise built by a peasant family. The main conclusion of this thesis is that private enterprises in China not only have to deal with risks caused by industry, but also have to face policy volatility and overcome financing difficulties through social capital and social networks. In national capital monopolized sectors, policy volatility will make it hard for private enterprises to survive and social capital will be faced with limitations. So private enterprises have a larger room for development in industries where state capital is less prevailing. The key reasons for the rapid development of private enterprises in China have been innovation spirit and management innovation. This is the main innovation method of the above-mentioned two enterprises.As pequenas e médias empresas (PME) privadas na China têm desempenhado um papel vital na promoção do crescimento económico, no progresso tecnológico e no desenvolvimento social. Esta tese analisa a envolvente em que as PME chinesas operam, discute a forma como respondem não só aos mais diversos riscos de mercado mas também a obstáculos sistémicos e explora as razões pelas quais se tornaram nos principais motores do crescimento económico chinês. Em primeiro lugar a tese apresenta uma perspetiva histórica do desenvolvimento da iniciativa privada na China através da literatura mais relevante. Em segundo lugar faz uma revisão teórica da governação aplicada às PME e da literatura sobre capital social e incentivos. Por fim analisa os casos de duas empresas privadas chinesas com o objetivo não só de ilustrar os principais problemas, mas também de procurar caminhos para a sua solução e de encontrar clarificação através das teorias estudadas. O primeiro caso diz respeito a uma empresa fundada pelo Sr. e pela Sra. Y, um casal que trabalhou e estudou no estrangeiro. A empresa dedica-se à construção de vias de comunicação e à venda de materiais de alta tecnologia para pavimentação.No segundo caso é estudada uma empresa de produção animal iniciada por uma família de camponeses. A principal conclusão desta tese é que as empresas privadas na China têm não só de enfrentar as barreiras próprias dos setores onde atuam, mas também de lidar com a volatilidade das políticas e de ultrapassar dificuldades de financiamento utilizando para tal o seu capital social e as suas redes de relacionamento. Em setores dominados pela presença de monopólios estatais a volatilidade das políticas é um fator que dificulta a sobrevivência das empresas e onde o capital social se defronta com as suas próprias limitações. É precisamente em setores onde o capital estatal está menos presente que as empresas privadas têm mais espaço para se desenvolverem e prosperarem. Como estes dois casos bem representam as razões principais para o rápido desenvolvimento do setor empresarial na China têm sido o espírito de inovação e a inovação em gestão

PUMA’s Failure in CSR; Suppliers’ critical conditions

The report describes living and working conditions at the Taiway Sports factory, a Puma supplier located in Dongguan City, China

Research on the Design of Financial Management Model Based on SOM-PNN Driven by Digital Economy

This study proposes a novel financial risk prediction methodology by harnessing the power of self-organizing mapping (SOM) neural network and probabilistic neural network (PNN). The amalgamation of SOM and PNN\u27s advantageous characteristics is seamlessly integrated into the algorithm posited within this paper. In order to collate and prognosticate data, the SOM network employs a two-dimensional topological framework comprising of two layers of neurons. Subsequently, the PNN model expeditiously furnishes the final classification outcomes by processing the output results obtained from the SOM model. The technique developed atop this composite model offers accelerated computation, effectively mitigates the impact of noisy samples, and significantly augments model accuracy. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through a comprehensive financial risk analysis of listed companies from 2016 to 2020. The experimental results show that the SOM-PNN method has achieved high accuracy in predicting the financial difficulties experienced by traditional companies in the selected company samples, exceeding 85%. Especially when the sample data is insufficient, its accuracy reaches 80%, surpassing other algorithms. Statement: In the modern era, financial institutions use big data to perform background analysis and review, continuously optimize, and adjust, in order to introduce quantitative analysis methods into every link of risk management as far as possible. This allows financial institutions to quickly achieve balance in the game process of risk and income, and achieve Profit maximization in local or even more space

Evolving corporate social responsibility in China

With a unique cultural background and fast economic development, China’s adoption of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become the center of discussion worldwide, and its successful implementation will have great significance for global sustainability. This paper aims to explore how CSR has given way to economic growth in China since the start of economic transition and its cultural, historical and political background, and how this has affected or been affected by the economic performance of firms. Thus, the recent calls for China to adopt CSR in its industries follow a period where the country arguably had one of the strongest implementations of CSR approaches in the world. This transition is considered in the context of a case study of a Chinese state-owned enterprise (SOE) and a group of small private firms in the same industrial sector in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province over a time span of eight years. While the CSR of the SOE has been steadily decreasing along with the change of ownership structure, its economic performance did not improve as expected. On the other hand, with a steady improvement in economic performance, the small private firms are showing a great reluctance to engage in CSR. The results indicate that implementation of CSR in China needs both the manager’s ethical awareness and the change of institutional framework. The results also raise the question as to whether CSR is a universal concept with a desired means of implementation across the developed and developing world

Production costs of pears and apples in Xinjiang (China)

China is the most important pear producing country in the world, and one of the most important as far as it concerns apples. Nevertheless, its international role is not so relevant: traded volume in relation to production is relatively small yet growing fast. Xinjiang is a large and mainly deserted region in northwest China that covers one-sixth of China's land. However, thanks to abundant water resources, good lighting conditions and altitude, this area represents an ideal setting for pomefruit production, and has in fact a very long tradition. Unfortunately, due to a disadvantaged location and a poor economy this province do not attract enough capitals, passing unnoticed despite of its valuable resources. Economic analysis are therefore necessary to assess to which extent this market turns out to be approachable. The aim of this paper is to describe in detail the situation of the fruit growing industry in Xinjiang, as far as it concerns two important pomefruit varieties: Xiang Li pear, a local and very appreciated variety, and Fuji apple. After locating the most vocated producing areas for both species and identifying the productive standards, we then proceed on counting up the production costs, using a well-established methodology adapted to the particular situation. The target of the analysis are small and mid-size farms, since they represent the vast majority of the orchards of the area. The costs aggregates are: base orchard management cost (BOMC), farm full cost (FFC) and total production cost (TPC). These aggregates group together costs related to similar productive factors. The picture of the situation outlined by this survey is that of a marginal area, where however fruit growing, compared to other agricultural activities, grants a good income. It also emerges that fruit growers in Xinjiang (and in China), are hardly coming out of a situation of general backwardness, striving to adapt to a larger business mainly through exportation to other provinces. Farms are however mainly familiar and small, and only a few big local enterprises seem to possess the right requirements to give local production the right impetus to reach successfully outside markets.Xiang Li fragrant pear, Fuji apple, Production cost, China, Fruit growing

The biotech developmental state? : investigating the Chinese gene revolution

China’s experience with agricultural biotechnology has been dramatic. Many new technologies have been developed by public sector research institutes that rival the outputs of the major biotech corporations. This has happened in the context of policy processes and priority setting exercises that are articulated in terms of the provision of public goods. In many respects this model contrasts with other parts of the world where the private sector has been dominant. The paper looks at how and why China has so vigorously pursued this biotech path, looking in particular at the role of science-policy networks in promoting a biotechnology discourse. It also looks at the particular challenges associated with developing a domestic biotech industry while managing multinationals such as Monsanto. A central question is to what extent this experience is an example of the state acting “developmentally”: steering both the private and public sectors to deliver public goods, and seizing the opportunities presented by a new technology while attempting to ensure that there is some level of social control over it. The paper asks: to what extent is China a biotech developmental state; and what are some of the challenges and limitations associated with this way of looking at the Chinese experience