HH-60H Armed Helicopter Subsystem operator workload assessment

This thesis discusses an operator workload assessment of the Armed Helicopter Subsystem (AHS) on the U.S. Navy HH-60H Seahawk Helicopter. The workload assessment was conducted in addition to developmental test and evaluation at Naval Rotary Wing Aircraft Test Squadron at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, MD and Eglin Air Force Base, Ft Walton Beach, F1 between 25 November 1997 and 13 August 1998. Department of Defense instructions, standards, human factors specifications, previous test plans, and reports of test results were studied to determine initial areas of focus and previous lessons learned. Specific operator workload was evaluated using the Bedford Workload Scale during verification of all the Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) and AGM-114 Hellfire Missile launch and designation modes in mission representative flight profiles. Both ground and flight tests were conducted to verify specification and test and evaluation master plan compliance and mission suitability for the Combat Search and Rescue (Combat SAR), and Anti Surface Warfare (ASUW) missions. FLIR test scope was reduced by use of the results of the U.S. Navy SH-60B AN/AAS-44 FLIR Contingency Kit and Rapid Deployment Kit developmental test and evaluation programs. Operator workload was assessed during software, FLIR, captive carriage, and live fire developmental flight tests. Night Vision Devices (NVDs) were used on two of the six Hellfire Missile shots. Overall operator workload was high, particularly during remote Hellfire Missile shot setup and autonomous Hellfire Missile laser guidance. During the Combat SAR mission, the operator was performing multiple tasks, including navigation and communication subtasks. Since little spare capacity was left for FLIR operation, the author recommends using either offset forward track or scan mode. Recommendations include inverting the FLIR turret and suspending it from the mounting platform

Aeronautics and space report of the President, 1982 activities

Achievements of the space program are summerized in the area of communication, Earth resources, environment, space sciences, transportation, aeronautics, and space energy. Space program activities of the various deprtments and agencies of the Federal Government are discussed in relation to the agencies' goals and policies. Records of U.S. and world spacecraft launchings, successful U.S. launches for 1982, U.S. launched applications and scientific satellites and space probes since 1975, U.S. and Soviet manned spaceflights since 1961, data on U.S. space launch vehicles, and budget summaries are provided. The national space policy and the aeronautical research and technology policy statements are included

Space as a New Sphere of Future Information Warfare

Air power has seen constant development from the Wright Flyer’s first flight at Kitty Hawk on December 17, 1903 via the advent of the jet age with the service entry of the Messerschmitt Me 262 in 1942, to today’s multirole fighters (F-35 Joint Strike Fighter) and stealth aircraft (B-2 Spirit multi-role bomber). As a result of this evolution of one hundred years air power has emerged as a central component in power projection. As General William Mitchell said: ”Neither armies nor navies can exist unless the air is controlled over them.” (Mitchell 1925, xv)We have witnessed a corresponding development in space, albeit with a lag of nearly sixty years. The first satellite, the Sputnik, went in orbit on October 4, 1957 and the first manned spaceflight was accomplished on April 12, 1961 (by Yuri Gagarin). July 20, 1969 saw the first landing of man on the moon by Neil Armstrong; the first Space Shuttle launch was on April 12, 1981; and the International Space Station (ISS) has remained manned since November 2, 2000. Since 1961, more than 400 men and women have visited the realm of space. General Tommy Franks said:”The pieces of this operation (Iraqi Freedom) which have been successful would not have been so without space-based assets … it’s just simply a fact.”A major ingredient of success in modern warfare is the capability to collect and analyze information and then use it for the execution of command and control. Intelligence, surveillance, command and control, positioning, and targeting systems along with increasingly technical fire systems will have a key role in this area. Deliberate information warfare operations are conducted during times of crisis and war. They are planned based on of information obtained from intelligence and surveillance assets. The aim of the attacker in information operations is to produce a desired effect on targets by means of psychological warfare such as dissemination of information and other psychological operations; by using network attacks and deception along with other forms of information systems warfare; and by employing electronic warfare assets for jamming, and weapons to suppress the enemy’s intelligence, surveillance, and command and control systems.Space, the electromagnetic spectrum, virtual networks, the psychological domain, and media will occupy central roles in any future information warfare, and all these can be used in both defensive and offensive modes. The foregoing sums up as a concept of global information warfare. We already have space-based C4ISR, targeting, and positioning systems. The successful execution of operations in future wars depends on the gaining and maintaining of space supremacy. Space is in the process of becoming a new dimension in information warfare

The Air Warrior\u27s Value of National Security Space

The 2001 Report of the Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization recommended that U.S. efforts in national security space be elevated to the highest national security priority. With more focused high-level attention on national security space decisions a measure that captures and quantities the value of space capabilities to combat operations professionals is desired. This thesis models what the air warriors desire from space assets in combat. A Value-Focused Thinking (VFT) approach was used to elicit values from air combat experts with operational experience. An initial Gold Standard value model was constructed and validated by air combat experts with recent experience in joint air operations. The strategic objective Leverage National Security Space Capabilities to Enhance Air Combat Operations was decomposed into values which were structured into a hierarchy. Measures and value functions were identified for the bottom-tier values which were weighted locally to assess their relative importance. The research identified measures of merit with thresholds beneath which value at higher levels is eliminated resulting in a multiplicative value function using indicator variables. An additional result is the separation of communication and navigation measures into pre-flight and in- fight components which has not been documented in previous literature

LONG RANGE FIRES JOINT FORCE OPERATIONS IN GPS-DENIED AND DEGRADED ENVIRONMENTS

The employment of Long-Range Fires is a high priority for the U.S. Navy, addressing the capability of forces to coordinate an emerging arsenal of deep strike weapons that can be launched from an array of joint assets against critical enemy assets at sea or hardened facilities on land. Additionally, the Long-Range Fires process must be resilient in a degraded or denied environment. However, coordinating Long-Range Fires encompasses a complex set of actions, to include target prioritization and development, command and control, tasking, kinetic and non-kinetic fires, battle damage assessment, rearming and contested logistics. Our approach leverages recent Navy-sponsored MBSE research, simulation, and analysis to include projects involving joint fires within Distributed Maritime Operations and feasibility of deploying hypersonic missiles on U.S. surface ships. We apply a similar approach here but augment it with a system of systems analysis of Long-Range Fires in a degraded and denied environment as part of a timely and relevant joint operational scenario. We examine significant design decisions and operational parameters, as well as appropriate measures of effectiveness, in generating successful Long-Range Fires through systems architecture development and simulation analysis.NPS Naval Research ProgramThis project was funded in part by the NPS Naval Research Program.Civilian, Department of the NavyCivilian, Department of the NavyCivilian, Department of the NavyCivilian, Department of the ArmyApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited

Considerations for Cross Domain / Mission Resource Allocation and Replanning

NPS NRP Technical ReportNaval platforms are inherently multi-mission - they execute a variety of missions simultaneously. Ships, submarines, and aircraft support multiple missions across domains, such as integrated air and missile defense, ballistic missile defense, anti-submarine warfare, strike operations, naval fires in support of ground operations, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance. Scheduling and position of these multi-mission platforms is problematic since one warfare area commander desires one position and schedule, while another may have a completely different approach. Commanders struggle to decide and adjudicate these conflicts, because there is plenty of uncertainty about the enemy and the environment. This project will explore emerging innovative data analytic technologies to optimize naval resource allocation and replanning across mission domains. NPS proposes a study that will evaluate the following three solution concepts for this application: (1) game theory, (2) machine learning, and (3) wargaming. The study will first identify a set of operational scenarios that involve distributed and diverse naval platforms and resources and a threat situation that requires multiple concurrent missions in multiple domains. The NPS team will use these scenarios to evaluate the three solution concepts and their applicability to supporting resource allocation and replanning. This project will provide valuable insights into innovative data analytic solution concepts to tackle the Navy's challenge of conducing multiple missions with cross-domain resources.N2/N6 - Information WarfareThis research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.