Developing a GIS-Database and Risk Index for Potentially Polluting Marine Sites

The increasing availability of geospatial marine data provides an opportunity for hydrographic offices to contribute to the identification of “Potentially Polluting Marine Sites” (PPMS). These include shipwrecks, oil rigs, pipelines, and dumping areas. To adequately assess the environmental risk of these sites, relevant information must be collected and converted into a multi-scale geodatabase suitable for site inventory and geo-spatial analysis. In addition, a Risk Index – representing an assessment of the magnitude of risk associated with any site – can be derived to determine the potential impacts of these PPMS. However, the successful collection and integration of PPMS information requires some effort to ‘normalize’ and standardize the data based on recognized international standards. In particular, there is benefit in structuring the data in conformance with the Universal Hydrographic Data Model (IHO S-100) recently adopted by the International Hydrographic Organization. In this paper, an S-100 compliant product specification for a PPMS geo-spatial database and associated Marine Site Risk Index is proposed which can be used by national hydrographic offices and marine protection agencies

Potentially Polluting Marine Sites GeoDB: An S-100 Geospatial Database as an Effective Contribution to the Protection of the Marine Environment

Potentially Polluting Marine Sites (PPMS) are objects on, or areas of, the seabed that may release pollution in the future. A rationale for, and design of, a geospatial database to inventory and manipu-late PPMS is presented. Built as an S-100 Product Specification, it is specified through human-readable UML diagrams and implemented through machine-readable GML files, and includes auxiliary information such as pollution-control resources and potentially vulnerable sites in order to support analyses of the core data. The design and some aspects of implementation are presented, along with metadata requirements and structure, and a perspective on potential uses of the database

A geo-database for potentially polluting marine sites and associated risk index

The increasing availability of geospatial marine data provides an opportunity for hydrographic offices to contribute to the identification of Potentially Polluting Marine Sites (PPMS). To adequately manage these sites, a PPMS Geospatial Database (GeoDB) application was developed to collect and store relevant information suitable for site inventory and geo-spatial analysis. The benefits of structuring the data to conform to the Universal Hydrographic Data Model (IHO S-100) and to use the Geographic Mark-Up Language (GML) for encoding are presented. A storage solution is proposed using a GML-enabled spatial relational database management system (RDBMS). In addition, an example of a risk index methodology is provided based on the defined data structure. The implementation of this example was performed using scripts containing SQL statements. These procedures were implemented using a cross-platform C++ application based on open-source libraries and called PPMS GeoDB Manager

Ruumiliste otsustustugede arendamine võimaldamaks merede jätkusuutlikku majandamist

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneMeremajanduse teostamiseks on vaja eri tüüpi ruumilist infot, millele tuginevad tööriistad on hädavajalikud kriisiolukorras reageerimiseks ja erinevate stsenaariumipõhiste analüüside läbiviimisel. Doktoritöös arendati veebipõhiseid operatiivseid otsustustugesid, mis võimaldavad koguda ja analüüsida andmeid ja teadmisi ning edastada tulemusi sidusrühmadele arusaadaval viisil, et hõlbustada kokkulepete sõlmimist. Sellist lähenemist illustreerib Next-Generation Smart Response Web (NG-SRW), mis võimaldab hinnata naftareostusega seotud keskkonnariske ja leida hädaolukordadele paremaid lahendusi. Naftalekke ruumilise leviku modelleerimine ja selle visualiseerimine võimaldab hinnata võimalike meetmete eeliseid, et kujundada sobiv reageerimisstrateegia. Lisaks valmis doktoritöö käigus PlanWise4Blue (PW4B) tööriist, millega hinnatakse erinevate survetegurite kumulatiivset mõju mereelustikule. PW4B tööriista saab kasutada inimtegevuste eraldi- ja koosmõjude prognoosimiseks nii tänapäevaste kui ka tuleviku kliimamuutuste tingimustes. Tööriista katsetati Läänemere piirkonnas Eesti mereala ruumilise planeerimise protsessis uurimaks erinevate meremajandamisstsenaariumite mõju erinevatele loodusväärtustele. Tulemused julgustavad kasutama modelleerimisel põhinevaid stsenaariumarvutusi otsustusprotsessides, et uurida inimtegevuse mõju ja/või kasu ökosüsteemi teenuste osutamisele ja vastupidi. Stsenaariumianalüüse kasutades saame teada ühiskonna eelistusi selle kohta, millist tulevikku nad eelistaksid ning paraneb otsustusprotsesside läbipaistvus.The maritime economy requires different types of spatial information, on which spatial decision support tools are essential to respond to crisis situations and to carry out different scenario-based analyses. This doctoral study developed web-based operational decision support tools to collect and analyse data and insights as well as to facilitate communication and discussion with stakeholders. Such an approach is illustrated by the Next-Generation Smart Response Web (NG-SRW), which enables the assessment of environmental risks associated with oil spills and the identification of better solutions to emergencies. By integrating the analysis and visualization of dynamic spill features, the benefits of potential response actions are compared to develop an appropriate response strategy. In addition, PlanWise4Blue (PW4B), a tool to assess the cumulative impact of different human pressures on marine life, was developed during the PhD. The PW4B tool can be used to predict the individual and combined effects of human activities under both current environmental conditions and future climate change. The tool has been tested in the Baltic Sea region in the Estonian marine spatial planning process to investigate the impacts of different marine management scenarios on different nature values. The results encourage the use of modelling-based scenario calculations in decision-making processes to explore effects and/or benefits of human activities to ecosystem services provision, and vice versa. Scenario analysis can be used to include society preferences of what future would they prefer and can improve transparency in decision-making processes.https://www.ester.ee/record=b550706

Potentially Polluting Marine Sites GEODB: An S-100 Geospatial Database as an Effective Contribution to the Protection of the Marine Environment

Potentially Polluting Marine Sites (PPMS) are objects on, or areas of, the seabed that may release pollution in the future. A rationale for, and design of, a geospatial database to inventory and manipu-late PPMS is presented. Built as an S-100 Product Specification, it is specified through human-readable UML diagrams and implemented through machine-readable GML files, and includes auxiliary information such as pollution-control resources and potentially vulnerable sites in order to support analyses of the core data. The design and some aspects of implementation are presented, along with metadata requirements and structure, and a perspective on potential uses of the database.Los sitios marinos potencialmente contaminantes (PPMS) son objetos o zonas de fondos marinos que pueden producir contaminación en el futuro. Se presenta un fundamento para y un diseño de una base de datos geoespacial para hacer un inventario y manipular los PPMS. Creada como una Especificación de Producto de la S-100, se especifica mediante un diagrama UML de fácil lectura y se implementa mediante ficheros GML (de marcaje geográfico) legibles por máquinas, e incluye información auxiliar como recursos para controlar la contaminación y sitios potencialmente vulnerables, para apoyar los análisis de los datos fundamentales. Se presentan el diseño y algunos aspectos de la implementación, junto con los requisitos y la estructura de los metadatos, y una perspectiva sobre los posibles usos de la base de datos.Les sites marins potentiellement polluants (PPMS) sont des objets situés sur le fond marin, ou des zones du fond marin, qui sont susceptibles dans le futur de relâcher de la pollution. La raison d’être et la conception d’une base de données géospatiales visant à inventorier et à manipuler les PPMS sont présentés. Conçue en tant que spécification de produit de la S-100, elle est définie via des diagrammes UML lisibles par l’homme et mise en oeuvre via des fichiers GML lisibles en machine, et elle inclut des renseignements auxiliaires, tels que les ressources anti-pollution et les sites potentiellement vulnérables, aux fins d’appuyer les analyses des données de base. La conception et certains aspects de la mise en oeuvre sont présentés, en même temps que les exigences et la structure des métadonnées, et une perspective sur les utilisations potentielles de la base de données

the case of Brazil

The authors are grateful for the participation of the people who sent photos of the localities affected by the oil spill disaster and are also grateful for the support of the Laboratory of Cartography of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (GeoCart-UFRJ). Specifically, Dra. Raquel Souto is grateful for the assistance granted by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, through the Brazilian National Post-doctoral Program, which made it possible to carry out this and other research on participatory mapping in the last three years. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias. All rights reserved.Many maritime disasters lead to oil pollution, which undermines ecosystem balance, human health, the prosperity of countries and coastal areas across borders, and people’s livelihoods. This is a problem that affects the whole world. Governments must strive to ensure that operations in the marine environment are safe and avoid oil pollution by adopting methods that anticipate future scenarios to mitigate the effects of this pollution when it occurs. This study investigates a method of managing contaminated coastal areas, aiming to contribute to the management of the environmental crisis caused by disasters through the use of online collaborative mapping by volunteer collaborators. Volunteer collaborators have been sending georeferenced data and photographs of locations affected by pollution.publishersversionpublishe

Coastal Biophysical Inventory Database for the Point Reyes National Seashore

The Coastal Biophysical Inventory Database is the repository of the data gathered from a rapid assessment of approximately 161 km of the intertidal habitat managed by the Point Reyes National Seashore and Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The Coastal Biophysical Inventory Database is modeled after the “Alaska Coastal Resources Inventory and Mapping Database” and CoastWalker program of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. The protocol and database were adapted for this effort to represent the features of the Point Reyes National Seashore and Golden Gate National Recreation Area located along the northern central coast of California. The database is an integration of spatial data and observation data entered and browsed through an interface designed to complement the methods of the observation protocol. The Coastal Biophysical Inventory (CBI) and Mapping Protocol is the methodology to collect and store repeatable observations of the intertidal zone to create a baseline of information useful for resource management and potentially assist damage assessment in the event of an oil spill. The inventory contributes to the knowledge needed for the conservation of coastal resources managed in the public’s trust. The Coastal Biophysical Inventory Database is a Microsoft Access 2003 format relational database with a customized data entry interface programmed in Microsoft Access Visual Basic for Applications. The interface facilitates the entry, storage and relation of substrate, biology, photographs, and other field observations. Data can be browsed or queried using query tools common to the Microsoft Access software or using custom spatial query tools built into the interface with ESRI MapObjects LT 2.0 ActiveX COM objects. The Coastal Biophysical Inventory’s GIS data set is useful for collecting, analyzing and reporting field observations about the intertidal zone. The GIS data set is linked to the observation data set through a unique number, the Segment ID, by using the relate tools found in ArcGIS (9.2-10). The Segment ID is a non-repeating number that references a section of coastline that is delineated by the type and form of the substrate observed. The Segment ID allows connection to the biological observations and other observation records such as photos or the original data sheets. Through ArcGIS connections to the observation database using the Segment ID, summaries of biodiversity or habitat can be made by location. The Coastal Biophysical Inventory has completed its initial goals to assess the coastline of two National Parks. The data set collected provides a snapshot of information and the database allows for future observations to be recorded. It provides coastal resource managers a broad insight and orientation to the intertidal resources managed by the National Park Service

MSUO Information Technology and Geographical Information Systems: Common Protocols & Procedures. Report to the Marine Safety Umbrella Operation

The Marine Safety Umbrella Operation (MSUO) facilitates the cooperation between Interreg funded Marine Safety Projects and maritime stakeholders. The main aim of MSUO is to permit efficient operation of new projects through Project Cooperation Initiatives, these include the review of the common protocols and procedures for Information Technology (IT) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This study carried out by CSA Group and the National Centre for Geocomputation (NCG) reviews current spatial information standards in Europe and the data management methodologies associated with different marine safety projects. International best practice was reviewed based on the combined experience of spatial data research at NCG and initiatives in the US, Canada and the UK relating to marine security service information and acquisition and integration of large marine datasets for ocean management purposes. This report identifies the most appropriate international data management practices that could be adopted for future MSUO projects

A Spatial Decision Support System for Oil Spill Response and Recovery

abstract: Coastal areas are susceptible to man-made disasters, such as oil spills, which not only have a dreadful impact on the lives of coastal communities and businesses but also have lasting and hazardous consequences. The United States coastal areas, especially the Gulf of Mexico, have witnessed devastating oil spills of varied sizes and durations that resulted in major economic and ecological losses. These disasters affected the oil, housing, forestry, tourism, and fishing industries with overall costs exceeding billions of dollars (Baade et al. (2007); Smith et al. (2011)). Extensive research has been done with respect to oil spill simulation techniques, spatial optimization models, and innovative strategies to deal with spill response and planning efforts. However, most of the research done in those areas is done independently of each other, leaving a conceptual void between them. In the following work, this thesis presents a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS), which efficiently integrates the independent facets of spill modeling techniques and spatial optimization to enable officials to investigate and explore the various options to clean up an offshore oil spill to make a more informed decision. This thesis utilizes Blowout and Spill Occurrence Model (BLOSOM) developed by Sim et al. (2015) to simulate hypothetical oil spill scenarios, followed by the Oil Spill Cleanup and Operational Model (OSCOM) developed by Grubesic et al. (2017) to spatially optimize the response efforts. The results of this combination are visualized in the SDSS, featuring geographical maps, so the boat ramps from which the response should be launched can be easily identified along with the amount of oil that hits the shore thereby visualizing the intensity of the impact of the spill in the coastal areas for various cleanup targets.Dissertation/ThesisMasters Thesis Computer Science 201

smart Emergency Response System (smartERS) – the Oil Spill use case

Thanks to the huge progress within the last 50 years in Earth Observation, Geospatial science and ICT technology, mankind is facing, for the first time, the opportunity to effectively respond to natural and artificial emergencies such as: earthquake, flood, oil spill, etc. Responding to an emergency requires to find, access, exchange, and of course understand many types of geospatial information provided by several types of sensors. Majors oil spills emergencies as, the Gulf of Mexico (Macondo/Deepwater Horizon) in 2010, the sinking of the oil tanker Prestige in 2002, have offered lessons learned and identified challenges to be addressed. Interoperability provides the principles and technologies to address those challenges. Since years interoperability has been developing based on traditional Service Oriented Architecture, request/response communication style, and implemented through Spatial Data Infrastructures. The experience handling oil spill responses shows that emergency services based on SDIs have some limitations, mainly due to their real-time peculiarity. Moreover despite the effort that Private Sector and Public Administration have been putting since years, the goal to provide an exhaustive picture of the situation during an Emergency Response is still far to be reached. We argue that to achieve this goal, we have to frame the problem in a different way. Emergency Response is not just sensing; it should be smart enough to encompass intelligent actions such as, automatically and dynamically acquire context driven information. The gaol of this paper is to define what a “smart Emergency Response System” (smartERS) should be.JRC.G.3-Maritime affair