26,788 research outputs found
Ultra-stable implanted 83Rb/83mKr electron sources for the energy scale monitoring in the KATRIN experiment
The KATRIN experiment aims at the direct model-independent determination of
the average electron neutrino mass via the measurement of the endpoint region
of the tritium beta decay spectrum. The electron spectrometer of the MAC-E
filter type is used, requiring very high stability of the electric filtering
potential. This work proves the feasibility of implanted 83Rb/83mKr calibration
electron sources which will be utilised in the additional monitor spectrometer
sharing the high voltage with the main spectrometer of KATRIN. The source
employs conversion electrons of 83mKr which is continuously generated by 83Rb.
The K-32 conversion line (kinetic energy of 17.8 keV, natural line width of 2.7
eV) is shown to fulfill the KATRIN requirement of the relative energy stability
of +/-1.6 ppm/month. The sources will serve as a standard tool for continuous
monitoring of KATRIN's energy scale stability with sub-ppm precision. They may
also be used in other applications where the precise conversion lines can be
separated from the low energy spectrum caused by the electron inelastic
scattering in the substrate.Comment: 30 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, minor revision of the preprint,
accepted by JINST on 5.2.201
ACBAR: The Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver
We describe the Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR); a
multifrequency millimeter-wave receiver designed for observations of the Cosmic
Microwave Background (CMB) and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in clusters of
galaxies. The ACBAR focal plane consists of a 16-pixel, background-limited, 240
mK bolometer array that can be configured to observe simultaneously at 150,
220, 280, and 350 GHz. With 4-5' FWHM Gaussian beam sizes and a 3 degree
azimuth chop, ACBAR is sensitive to a wide range of angular scales. ACBAR was
installed on the 2 m Viper telescope at the South Pole in January 2001. We
describe the design of the instrument and its performance during the 2001 and
2002 observing seasons.Comment: 59 pages, 16 figures -- updated to reflect version published in ApJ
Iterative Entanglement Distillation: Approaching full Elimination of Decoherence
The distribution and processing of quantum entanglement form the basis of
quantum communication and quantum computing. The realization of the two is
difficult because quantum information inherently has a high susceptibility to
decoherence, i.e. to uncontrollable information loss to the environment. For
entanglement distribution, a proposed solution to this problem is capable of
fully eliminating decoherence; namely iterative entanglement distillation. This
approach builds on a large number of distillation steps each of which extracts
a number of weakly decohered entangled states from a larger number of strongly
decohered states. Here, for the first time, we experimentally demonstrate
iterative distillation of entanglement. Already distilled entangled states were
further improved in a second distillation step and also made available for
subsequent steps.Our experiment displays the realization of the building blocks
required for an entanglement distillation scheme that can fully eliminate
decoherence
Full characterization and analysis of a terahertz heterodyne receiver based on a NbN hot electron bolometer
We present a complete experimental characterization of a quasioptical twin-slot antenna coupled small area (1.0Ă0.15 ”m^2) NbN hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixer compatible with currently available solid state tunable local oscillator (LO) sources. The required LO power absorbed in the HEB is analyzed in detail and equals only 25 nW. Due to the small HEB volume and wide antenna bandwidth, an unwanted direct detection effect is observed which decreases the apparent sensitivity. Correcting for this effect results in a receiver noise temperature of 700 K at 1.46 THz. The intermediate frequency (IF) gain bandwidth is 2.3 GHz and the IF noise bandwidth is 4 GHz. The single channel receiver stability is limited to 0.2â0.3 s in a 50 MHz bandwidth
The generation of dual wavelength pulse fiber laser using fiber bragg grating
A stable simple generation of dual wavelength pulse fiber laser on experimental method is proposed and demonstrated by using Figure eight circuit diagram. The generation of dual wavelength pulse fiber laser was proposed using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with two different central wavelengths which are 1550 nm and 1560 nm. At 600 mA (27.78 dBm) of laser diode, the stability of dual wavelength pulse fiber laser appears on 1550 nm and 1560 nm with the respective peak powers of -54.03 dBm and -58.00 dBm. The wavelength spacing of the spectrum is about 10 nm while the signal noise to ratio (SNR) for both peaks are about 8.23 dBm and 9.67 dBm. In addition, the repetition rate is 2.878 MHz with corresponding pulse spacing of about 0.5 ÎŒs, is recorded
Frequency and fundamental signal measurement algorithms for distributed control and protection applications
Increasing penetration of distributed generation within electricity networks leads to the requirement for cheap, integrated, protection and control systems. To minimise cost, algorithms for the measurement of AC voltage and current waveforms can be implemented on a single microcontroller, which also carries out other protection and control tasks, including communication and data logging. This limits the frame rate of the major algorithms, although analogue to digital converters (ADCs) can be oversampled using peripheral control processors on suitable microcontrollers. Measurement algorithms also have to be tolerant of poor power quality, which may arise within grid-connected or islanded (e.g. emergency, battlefield or marine) power system scenarios. This study presents a 'Clarke-FLL hybrid' architecture, which combines a three-phase Clarke transformation measurement with a frequency-locked loop (FLL). This hybrid contains suitable algorithms for the measurement of frequency, amplitude and phase within dynamic three-phase AC power systems. The Clarke-FLL hybrid is shown to be robust and accurate, with harmonic content up to and above 28% total harmonic distortion (THD), and with the major algorithms executing at only 500 samples per second. This is achieved by careful optimisation and cascaded use of exact-time averaging techniques, which prove to be useful at all stages of the measurements: from DC bias removal through low-sample-rate Fourier analysis to sub-harmonic ripple removal. Platform-independent algorithms for three-phase nodal power flow analysis are benchmarked on three processors, including the Infineon TC1796 microcontroller, on which only 10% of the 2000 mus frame time is required, leaving the remainder free for other algorithms
The Standing Wave Phenomenon in Radio Telescopes; Frequency Modulation of the WSRT Primary Beam
Inadequacies in the knowledge of the primary beam response of current
interferometric arrays often form a limitation to the image fidelity. We hope
to overcome these limitations by constructing a frequency-resolved,
full-polarization empirical model for the primary beam of the Westerbork
Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). Holographic observations, sampling angular
scales between about 5 arcmin and 11 degrees, were obtained of a bright compact
source (3C147). These permitted measurement of voltage response patterns for
seven of the fourteen telescopes in the array and allowed calculation of the
mean cross-correlated power beam. Good sampling of the main-lobe, near-in, and
far-side-lobes out to a radius of more than 5 degrees was obtained. A robust
empirical beam model was detemined in all polarization products and at
frequencies between 1322 and 1457 MHz with 1 MHz resolution. Substantial
departures from axi-symmetry are apparent in the main-lobe as well as
systematic differences between the polarization properties. Surprisingly, many
beam properties are modulated at the 5 to 10% level with changing frequency.
These include: (1) the main beam area, (2) the side-lobe to main-lobe power
ratio, and (3) the effective telescope aperture. These semi-sinusoidsal
modulations have a basic period of about 17 MHz, consistent with the natural
'standing wave' period of a 8.75 m focal distance. The deduced frequency
modulations of the beam pattern were verified in an independent long duration
observation using compact continuum sources at very large off-axis distances.
Application of our frequency-resolved beam model should enable higher dynamic
range and improved image fidelity for interferometric observations in complex
fields. (abridged)Comment: 12 pages, 11 figures, Accepted for publication in A&A, figures
compressed to low resolution; high-resolution version available at:
http://www.astro.rug.nl/~popping/wsrtbeam.pd
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