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Soft policies and hard competition: Government, industry, and user impacts on the development of Japan's software industry
The paper analyzes the development and structure of the Japan's software industry, focusing particular attention on the failure of government support policies to nurture an internationally competitive industry and the success of foreign software producers in the Japanese market. The research adopts an evolutionary approach to explain Japan's problems in building a competitive software industry except in games, challenging the validity of standard explanations such as cultural disadvantage and failure to adopt best practice. The pattern of development in the Japanese software industry results from strong user preference for customized software over packaged products. Large users develop highly customized software systems that reflect their unique organizational structures and operating advantages. Software is viewed as an input into the production process, rather than an output to be independently marketted. As such, the structure of the software reflects the administrative heritage of major industrial users as much as developments in computer technology. The tendency to emphasize customization favors intra-industry software advances over interindustry expansion. Moreover, high demand for customization combines with large variation in operating systems to fractionalize the industry and frustrate government support policies. Even though the Ministry of International Trade and Industry followed the same industry support model that proved so successful in manufacturing, an independent world class software industry has not developed. The preference for customization has also allowed foreign software producers to successfully pursue a hub and spoke strategy. Foreign producers have been able to expand their user base, thereby lowering unit cost and putting local software developers at a further disadvantage. The research suggests that this situation will continue
Towards predicting biomechanical consequences of jaw reconstruction
Abstract — We are developing dynamic computer models of surgical jaw reconstructions in order to determine the effect of altered musculoskeletal structure on the biomechanics of mastication. We aim to predict post-reconstruction deficits in jaw motion and force production. To support these research goals we have extended our biomechanics simulation toolkit, ArtiSynth [1], with new methods relevant to surgical planning. The principle features of ArtiSynth include simulation of constrained rigid-bodies, volume-preserving finite-element methods for deformable bodies, contact between bodies, and muscle models. We are adding model editing capabilities and muscle activation optimization to facilitate progress on postsurgical simulation. Our software and research directions are focused on upper-airway and cranio-facial anatomy, however the toolset and methodology are applicable to other musculoskeletal systems. I
Research overview of hydrogen production from biomass: A bibliometric analysis of the research published during the 1979-2019 period
The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual analysis of hydrogen production from biomass research in literature by quantifying the main bibliometric performance indicators, identifying the main authors, countries, journals and research areas and evaluating the intellectual structure and evolution of the field using SciMAT as a bibliometric analysis software. In this way, the methodology implemented in this research encompasses both the bibliometric performance analysis and science mapping approaches of biomass-based hydrogen production research themes. The bibliometric performance analysis is centered on the citation-based impact of the scientific output, while science mapping illustrates the evolution of the research themes that build the field through the use of bibliometric network analysis techniques. The publications related to biomass-based hydrogen production research available at Scopus have been compiled between 1979 and 2019 (876 publications). Finally, the paper provides objective evidence of the evolution of the hydrogen production from biomass field, which confirms the interest that researchers have in this theme to develop new capabilities. Finally, it offers a framework to support researchers evaluating the field and, finally, to assist them in the development and direction of their future analysis identifying trends in terms of research
Developing software IVO for clinical, laboratory, therapeutic and cost data collection for Sickle Cell Anemia
The challenge to improve the treatment of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is to plan for managers and health professionals, as well as to estimate the necessary costs. To this end, research should be developed to support the health area, with emphasis on the development of software that complements data collection. For these reasons, the objective of this study is to describe the development of software for the collection of cost information and clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data of patients with SCD, which can be used in the future by other areas of health. This is an experimental and applied research focused on technological production. The applied process model was incremental and followed the steps of communication, planning, modeling and development. The first version is in the testing phase and presents the record format, does not require internet connection, can interact with Windows®, Linux® or MacOS® operating systems and encrypt data for storage. In the next increments, the customization of the fields with a broad structure for data collection; data export in spreadsheet format for use in external tools; creation of customized reports and central database stands out
Desalination in nuclear plants: a bibliometric study of research activity in scientific literature indexed by SCOPUS base
With the scarcity of fresh water, desalination is an important instrument to be considered for the production of non-salinized water through waste heat in the dual use of nuclear reactors. The gap that this study seeks to fill is related to the use of bibliometric method, based on information structure, about the scientific studies indexed on the evolution of the topic desalination in nuclear power plants. The objective of this work is to map the themes in the scientific literature between 1966 and the first semester of 2017. Data were collected from the research activities indexed by the SCOPUS database and analyzed with the support of bibliometric software VOSviewer. Among others, the results of the research led to the following conclusions: (1) the articles published in indexed journals represent the largest percentage of the type of instrument used for scientific dissemination, representing 64% of the documents; (2) it is estimated that between the years 2016 and 2025 the indexed research activities involving nuclear desalination continued to grow sharply
Software development for forest growth models and management. CORKFITS: web based growth simulator
New methods of forest management and the study of their impact on sustainability are strongly dependent on realistic mathematical modelling. The complexity of the models however, makes the use of computational power, and thus the incorporation of knowledge from computer science and research, indispensable. In this paper we wish to demonstrate the development of a simulator for the growth and production of cork oak woodlands – montados. The software is divided into three sub-modules, sharing a common core, with functions and mathematical operations. The desktop client allows for repeated operations for more intense calculations, and statistical operations for modelling purposes. The web version is intended to be used by final users in forest practice. It permits simulation of inventory data based on individual tree measurements, and inventory data based on plot description with a reduced amount of detail (number of trees per ha, diameter structure, etc.) The last module allows the incorporation of the cork model into other software by means of SOAP protocol, via web services. It conforms to the WS-I Basic Profile 1.1, to ensure interoperability among the largest number of clients. This module allows other developers to use the cork oak growth-model in their software, and the developers from other areas of expertise (management optimisation, decision support...) have the opportunity to test their techniques on real stands, with the most recently-updated model versions
Supporting authentic science in the classroom using collaborative Web-based software
This thesis presents aWeb-based Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) called the Education through Virtual Experience (EVE) Portal which supports e-Science learning for schoolchildren. The VLE guides students and teachers in
the production of collaborative research papers to summarize their inquiry-based activities. This thesis details the formative evaluations carried out on the VLE and provides empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that the initial version of the VLE successfully supported inquiry-based science investigations. The VLE evaluations also provided an opportunity to assess the eectiveness of each of the VLE components toward our educational objectives. This thesis describes the shortfalls identied in the original version of the VLE, which has lead to the encapsulation of team management, collaborative writing and image-based data collection into the VLE. This thesis
also details the initial trials of the collaborative components of the VLE and provides evidence to support the contention that collaboration has been successfully introduced into the VLE. Finally, this thesis provides a technical description of the underlying architecture of the EVE Portal and describes the implementation details of the EVE imaging component.
This thesis makes contributions to e-Learning by providing empirical evidence that an amalgamation of software tools can support an inquiry-based scientic process with schoolchildren and teachers. The encapsulation of team allocation and team-based writing presents an innovative method for supporting inquiry-based learning within schools. The requirements elicitation and customized development of the EVE imaging component highlights many of the difficulties associated with the creation of Web-based software to support constructivist learning at pre-tertiary level. Finally, the EVE Portal provides an innovative way for teachers to capitalize on time spent carrying out inquiry activities through the codication of structure into a software supported process
Applications integration for manufacturing control systems with particular reference to software interoperability issues
The introduction and adoption of contemporary computer aided manufacturing control
systems (MCS) can help rationalise and improve the productivity of manufacturing related
activities. Such activities include product design, process planning and production
management with CAD, CAPP and CAPM. However, they tend to be domain specific and
would generally have been designed as stand-alone systems where there is a serious lack of
consideration for integration requirements with other manufacturing activities outside the area
of immediate concern. As a result, "islands of computerisation" exist which exhibit
deficiencies and constraints that inhibit or complicate subsequent interoperation among typical
MCS components. As a result of these interoperability constraints, contemporary forms of
MCS typically yield sub-optimal benefits and do not promote synergy on an enterprise-wide
basis.
The move towards more integrated manufacturing systems, which requires advances in
software interoperability, is becoming a strategic issue. Here the primary aim is to realise
greater functional synergy between software components which span engineering, production
and management activities and systems. Hence information of global interest needs to be
shared across conventional functional boundaries between enterprise functions.
The main thrust of this research study is to derive a new generation of MCS in which
software components can "functionally interact" and share common information through
accessing distributed data repositories in an efficient, highly flexible and standardised
manner. It addresses problems of information fragmentation and the lack of formalism, as
well as issues relating to flexibly structuring interactions between threads of functionality
embedded within the various components. The emphasis is on the:
• definition of generic information models which underpin the sharing of common
data among production planning, product design, finite capacity scheduling and cell
control systems.
• development of an effective framework to manage functional interaction between
MCS components, thereby coordinating their combined activities.
• "soft" or flexible integration of the MCS activities over an integrating infrastructure
in order to (i) help simplify typical integration problems found when using
contemporary interconnection methods for applications integration; and (ii) enable
their reconfiguration and incremental development. In order to facilitate adaptability in response to changing needs, these systems must also be
engineered to enable reconfigurability over their life cycle. Thus within the scope of this
research study a new methodology and software toolset have been developed to formally
structure and support implementation, run-time and change processes. The tool set combines
the use of IDEFO (for activity based or functional modelling), IDEFIX (for entity-attribute
relationship modelling), and EXPRESS (for information modelling).
This research includes a pragmatic but effective means of dealing with legacyl software,
which often may be a vital source of readily available information which supports the
operation of the manufacturing enterprise. The pragmatism and medium term relevance of the
research study has promoted particular interest and collaboration from software manufacturers
and industrial practitioners. Proof of concept studies have been carried out to implement and
evaluate the developed mechanisms and software toolset
Multi-objective Optimisation in Additive Manufacturing
Additive Manufacturing (AM) has demonstrated great potential to advance product
design and manufacturing, and has showed higher flexibility than conventional
manufacturing techniques for the production of small volume, complex and customised
components. In an economy focused on the need to develop customised and hi-tech
products, there is increasing interest in establishing AM technologies as a more efficient
production approach for high value products such as aerospace and biomedical
products.
Nevertheless, the use of AM processes, for even small to medium volume production
faces a number of issues in the current state of the technology. AM production is
normally used for making parts with complex geometry which implicates the
assessment of numerous processing options or choices; the wrong choice of process
parameters can result in poor surface quality, onerous manufacturing time and energy
waste, and thus increased production costs and resources. A few commonly used AM
processes require the presence of cellular support structures for the production of
overhanging parts. Depending on the object complexity their removal can be impossible
or very time (and resources) consuming.
Currently, there is a lack of tools to advise the AM operator on the optimal choice of
process parameters. This prevents the diffusion of AM as an efficient production
process for enterprises, and as affordable access to democratic product development for
individual users.
Research in literature has focused mainly on the optimisation of single criteria for AM
production. An integrated predictive modelling and optimisation technique has not yet
been well established for identifying an efficient process set up for complicated products which often involve critical building requirements. For instance, there are no
robust methods for the optimal design of complex cellular support structures, and most
of the software commercially available today does not provide adequate guidance on
how to optimally orientate the part into the machine bed, or which particular
combination of cellular structures need to be used as support. The choice of wrong
support and orientation can degenerate into structure collapse during an AM process
such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM), due to the high thermal stress in the junctions
between fillets of different cells.
Another issue of AM production is the limited parts’ surface quality typically generated
by the discrete deposition and fusion of material. This research has focused on the
formation of surface morphology of AM parts. Analysis of SLM parts showed that
roughness measured was different from that predicted through a classic model based on
pure geometrical consideration on the stair step profile. Experiments also revealed the
presence of partially bonded particles on the surface; an explanation of this phenomenon
has been proposed. Results have been integrated into a novel mathematical model for
the prediction of surface roughness of SLM parts. The model formulated correctly
describes the observed trend of the experimental data, and thus provides an accurate
prediction of surface roughness.
This thesis aims to deliver an effective computational methodology for the multi-
objective optimisation of the main building conditions that affect process efficiency of
AM production. For this purpose, mathematical models have been formulated for the
determination of parts’ surface quality, manufacturing time and energy consumption,
and for the design of optimal cellular support structures.
All the predictive models have been used to evaluate multiple performance and costs
objectives; all the objectives are typically contrasting; and all greatly affected by the
part’s build orientation. A multi-objective optimisation technique has been developed to visualise and identify
optimal trade-offs between all the contrastive objectives for the most efficient AM
production. Hence, this thesis has delivered a decision support system to assist the
operator in the "process planning" stage, in order to achieve optimal efficiency and
sustainability in AM production through maximum material, time and energy savings.EADS Airbus, Great Western Researc
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