250 research outputs found

    Sustainable Urbanization in the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor

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    Countries in the China‐Indochinese Peninsula are home to rich human and natural resource endowments and have the potential to be one of the world\u27s fastest growing areas. Sustainable urbanization in the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor is important for the regional economic development and prosperity. Taking the advantages of the remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies, this chapter is first presents a general overview of urbanization procession in this region and monitors the spatiotemporal dynamics of the urban environment; the second objective is to present the multiple driving force factor analysis for urban development in countries of the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor using statistical models. The results indicated that the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor has experienced a rapid urbanization process during the past 15 years both in terms of urban areas and urban population (UP). In addition to socioeconomic factors, there is also a noticeable correlation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade and urban development in the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor. Active participation in international trade and attracting foreign investment are helpful for the regional urbanization. As a neighboring country, China\u27s economic and trade activity also has a significant impact on the urbanization in countries of the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor. Furthermore, as the launch of the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor will witness a more rapid urbanization progress in the next decade. This study has its characteristics in focusing on the region of the Indochinese Peninsula in which the most rapid urbanization is occurring, presenting the state‐of‐the‐art techniques for monitoring urban expansion and probing into the driving factors of the urban expansion in the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor by multiple principles and multiple‐level data. It is expected to benefit policymakers in urban development and also provide a basis for further studies of sustainable urbanization in the China‐Indochinese Peninsula Economic Corridor

    Strategies for Accomplishing the Benefits of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor for Pakistan

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    CPEC represents a new form of China-Pakistan alliance with the aptitude to broaden and further enhance the political and economic ties of both these countries through mutual trade and development. The total projects, (presently) worth US$ 70billion offer an all times biggest opportunity to Pakistan to tackle the main hitches to its economic development i.e. energy crisis, poor infrastructure, low foreign direct investment (FDI), limited industrial production, limited and old fashioned  technology , unemployment and security issues etc. CPEC’s estimated socio-economic changes is going to bring harmony, contentment and stability in the country in general and particularly in the undeveloped and retrograded provinces like Baluchistan and somewhat khaiber Pukhtunkhwa (KPK) by providing employment opportunities in different commercial, construction and production activities. Despite the substantial consequences of CPEC, the project is collared by various internal and external confronts and disputes like India’s stances on the project, terrorism and instability of Afghanistan and its spillover to Pakistan and feeling unsecure of other countries in the region, Internally political conflicts between the provinces, security challenges and political controversies regarding the route selection etc. which are to be coped with by Pakistan so that to execute of the mega project of CPEC a beneficial endeavor for Pakistan. Keywords: CPEC, OBOR, Silk Rode, Economic Policy, Foreign Policy DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-2-07 Publication date: January 31st 202

    Analyzing the Population Density Pattern in China with a GIS-Automated Regionalization Method: Hu Line Revisited

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    The famous “Hu Line”, proposed by Hu Huanyong in 1935, divided China into two regions of comparable area sizes that drastically differ in population: about 4% in the northwest part and 96% in the southeast. However, the Hu Line was proposed largely by visual examination of hand-made maps and arduous experiments of numerous configurations, and has been subject to criticism of lack of scientific rigor and accuracy. Furthermore, it has been over eight decades since the Hu Line was proposed. During the time, China sustained several major man-made and natural disasters (e.g., the World War II, the subsequent Civil War and the 1958-62 Great Famine), and also experienced some major government-sponsored migrations, economic growth and unprecedented urbanization. It is necessary to revisit the (in) stability of Hu Line. By using a GIS-automated regionalization method, termed REDCAP (Regionalization with Dynamically Constrained Agglomerative Clustering and Partitioning), this study re-visits the Hu Line in three aspects. First, by reconstructing the demarcation line based on the latest census of 2010 county-level population by REDCAP, this study largely validates and refines the classic Hu Line. Secondly, this research also seeks to uncover the underlying physical environment factors that shape such a contrast by proposing a habitation environment suitability index (HESI) model. In the third part, this study examines the population density change and disparity change over time by using all the six censuses (1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010) since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. This study advances the methodological rigor in defining the Hu Line, solidifies the inherent connection between physical environment and population settlement, and strengthens the findings by extending the analysis across time epochs

    China: Rule-taker or Rule-maker in the International Intellectual Property System?

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    Intellectual property has been a crucial issue for China in the past four decades. Internationally, it was central to China’s fifteen-year negotiation on its accession to the WTO and has been a priority in China-US bilateral relations. Domestically, changes in the regulation and use of intellectual property reflect a larger picture of rapid economic and social transition in China. Initially, China was a rule-taker in intellectual property, experiencing pressure from abroad to do much more on intellectual property. In response, China enacted comprehensive domestic intellectual property laws. From 2001, the Chinese Trademark Office was registering more trademarks than any other office in the world and from 2011, the State Intellectual Property Office of China (SIPO) became the world's largest patent office. Today the Chinese government promotes intellectual property protection in its national strategy of “innovation-driven development” and seeks to transform China into the world’s leading intellectual property power. This thesis focuses on whether the large-scale deployment of intellectual property by China in various markets means that it has become a regulatory power in intellectual property, in the sense of being an agenda setter and source of global influence over IP rules. The UK in the nineteenth century and the US in the twentieth were regulatory IP powers in this sense. China’s regulatory and international influence over IP rules is tracked empirically through case studies on geographical indications (Chapter 3), the disclosure obligation (Chapter 4), and intellectual property and standardization (Chapter 5), along with an examination of China’s international IP engagement at the bilateral level (Chapter 6) and plurilateral and multilateral levels (Chapter 7). This thesis also analyses the roles of sub-state actors and non-state actors in China’s international intellectual property engagement (Chapter 8). This thesis argues that China’s role in international intellectual property regulation is more nuanced and complicated than a binary categorization of “rule-maker” or “rule-taker”. China’s international IP engagement is guided by a group of key principles, specifically the principles of IP instrumentalism and a set of foreign policy principles. These principles have been implemented through a process of modeling, while potential conflicts have been minimized through a strategy of balancing. The effects of modeling are compliance and institutional isomorphism which makes the Chinese IP system similar to those of developed countries. Balancing leads to constructed inconsistency and has led China into keeping a low-profile in international policy debates on intellectual property

    An examination of the role of comparative advantages on Chinese outward foreign direct investment: the case of cross-border mergers & acquisitions and greenfield investments

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    Increasing outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from China has attracted considerable academic attention. There is a growing discussion that Chinese OFDI is different from that of advanced countries. Existing research reveals the role of comparative advantage of home or host countries in determining patterns of countries’ OFDI. However, the literature has not adequately examined links between OFDI and the comparative advantage of China and host countries in the case of Chinese multinational corporations (MNEs). Consequently, this dissertation investigates the role of comparative advantage in explaining Chinese OFDI. The study reveals the complex, dynamic relationship between Chinese OFDI and comparative advantages by decomposing aggregate FDI and accounting for varying modalities: cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBMAs) and greenfield investments (GIs), which previous literature has not addressed adequately. The study offers a parallel analysis of the role of comparative advantage in Chinese CBMAs and GIs and considers the One Belt One Road Initiative’s moderating effect. The dissertation drew on theoretical links between country-specific factors, countries’ comparative advantages, and firms’ ownership advantages. In synthesising these links, we explain the role of comparative advantage in Chinese OFDI and integrate the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage with existing international business theoretical frameworks. The empirical findings demonstrate that Chinese firms engaged in CBMAs emerge mostly from comparatively disadvantaged industries in China, while those engaged in GIs mostly emanate from comparatively advantaged industries in China. Chinese MNEs also invest in countries and industries in which host nations have a strong comparative advantage, regardless of modality. The comparative advantage of China and its host countries fulfil an influential role in developing and enhancing the ownership advantages of Chinese MNEs. In addition, our results suggests that OBOR initiative affects the activity of Chinese MNEs that conduct CBMAs. Specifically, we find evidence of the effect of China’s OBOR initiative on the relationship between Chinese CBMAs and comparative advantage of China. Under the Belt and Road initiative Chinese MNEs stimulated more Chinese CBMAs in related OBOR countries. The OBOR initiative alters the relationship between the industrial structure of Chinese CBMAs and the comparative advantage of China for OBOR and non-OBOR host countries

    Spatial and temporal aspects of land use in the urban-rural fringe in china: a GIS approach

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    Since the reform in 1979, China's rural and urban economies have been extremely active. This has accelerated greatly the urbanisation process in the peripheral areas of metropolises. Urban regions extended into rural areas by way of urban sprawl and population concentration in the rural-urban fringe, in which the types and structures of land use changed rapidly. The rural-urban fringe has been an extremely active area in contemporary Chinese socio-economy. It is also a belt of concentration of development and construction of rural and urban kinds. In seeking to apply geographical information systems to such an important area of land use change, this research studies the general principles of the formation, evolution and development of rural-urban fringe with a case study in Tianhe District of Guangzhou Municipality, China. This research analyses the following three aspects of land use change. Firstly, the land use conditions and situations are discussed in the form of their fundamental characteristics in various years. Secondly, the spatial changes of land uses are characterised in terms of the distance from the city centre including the effects of the physical landscape. Finally, the main emphasis is put upon the impacts of policies on land use distribution. Three different time periods (1973, 1993 and predicted 2010) are applied to compare the changes of land use. According to the analysis of the trend of land use change in this study, the development of Tianhe District from a traditional rural area to a rural-urban fringe is a considered as result of the Guangzhou urban sprawl. Its specific location, economic development levels, population conditions and policy advantages have influenced this evolution process and brought about the spatial changes and spatial structure of land use. Keywords: Land use change, rural-urban fringe, China, GI

    Research on inter action between the international competitiveness of ports and hinterland economy: a case study on Beibu Gulf Port Group

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    Chinese Maritime Expansion and Potential Dual-Use Implications on Critical Maritime Chokepoints

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    The current strategic environment has placed the United States and its allies on a seemingly inexorable path towards confrontation with the People’s Republic of China. Based on this framework, this capstone has examined recent Chinese maritime infrastructure developments under a 2013 program of development known as the Belt and Road Initiative. One facet of this initiative is maritime expansion via trade routes and port facilities. However, given the close, or even doctrinal, relationship between Chinese corporations and military entities, there is speculation regarding the purpose of certain expansionary efforts. This speculation is generally based on the concept of Military-Civil Fusion and dual-use assets, whereby a civilian entity may be co-opted for military purposes or integrated into military efforts. This concept, while concerning based on the breadth of Chinese expansion, is not unique. Commercial shipping has been used for military purposes throughout history. For example, the United States created the Jones Act for just such a purpose, whose enactment in World War II was reflected in the creation of the Wartime Shipping Administration. In the context of the maritime infrastructure, this capstone addresses the implications of the potential military use of seventeen civilian ports on eight identified critical maritime chokepoints. This capstone employs imagery analysis to assess what type of threats could be hosted at these locations utilizing both military and civilian shipping to transport these threats. The implications and extent of these threats have been graphically superimposed over maps of strategic sea routes to indicate visually the extent of the potential future strategic obstacles. Consequently, this report concludes that Chinese Belt and Road Initiative developments pose a threat, if desired, to seven of eight identified critical maritime chokepoints

    RUSSIA AND CHINA IN SPACE: SECURITY AND DEFENSE CAPABILITIES. IMPLICATIONS OF BILATERAL COOPERATION.

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    Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία παρέχει μια εις βάθος ανάλυση των πτυχών άμυνας και ασφάλειας των ρωσικών και κινεζικών διαστημικών προγραμμάτων. Εξετάζει τις πολιτικές και τις προτεραιότητες των δύο χωρών στο διάστημα, τις στρατηγικές τους για τη χρήση διαστημικών πόρων και τις προοπτικές τους για διεθνή συνεργασία. Η μελέτη επικεντρώνεται σε στρατιωτικές εφαρμογές της διαστημικής τεχνολογίας, συμπεριλαμβανομένων των δορυφορικών αμυντικών συστημάτων και των αντί-δορυφορικών όπλων. Λαμβάνει επίσης υπόψη τις γεωπολιτικές επιπτώσεις των διαστημικών προγραμμάτων αυτών των δύο χωρών. Η Κίνα είναι μια ανερχόμενη δύναμη σε γεωπολιτικό, οικονομικό και τεχνολογικό επίπεδο, αμφισβητώντας την παγκόσμια κυριαρχία των ΗΠΑ. Η συνεργασία της με τη Ρωσία έχει καθοριστική στρατηγική σημασία. Η εισβολή της Ρωσίας στην Ουκρανία έχει αλλάξει το γεωπολιτικό τοπίο, προκαλώντας μετατοπίσεις στις διεθνείς οικονομικές, στρατιωτικές και τεχνολογικές συμμαχίες. Η παρούσα εργασία εξετάζει αυτές τις εξελίξεις και τις αναμενόμενες διεθνείς επιπτώσεις τους για τη διαστημική βιομηχανία και τη συνεργασία μεταξύ διαστημικών οργανισμών, ιδιαίτερα μετά την επιβολή των δυτικών κυρώσεων κατά της Ρωσίας.This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the defense and security aspects of the Russian and Chinese space programs. It examines the countries’ policies and priorities in space, their strategies for utilizing space assets, and their prospects for international collaboration. The study focuses on military applications of space technology including satellite defense systems and anti-satellites weapons. It also considers the geopolitical implications of the space programs of these two countries. China is a rising power in geopolitics, economics, and technology, challenging the global dominance of the U.S. Its collaboration with Russia holds significant strategic importance. The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has shifted the geopolitical landscape, triggering changes in economic, military, and technological alliances. This thesis examines these developments and their expected international implications for the space industry and collaboration among space organizations, particularly after the imposition of Western sanctions against Russia

    China-EU Leadership in Globalisation: Ambition and capacity. CEPS Policy Insight No 2017/18, May 2017

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    This CEPS Policy Insight attempts to offer a first verification of whether China and the EU are ready to exercise leadership in global trade and investment, not only in words but also in deeds that would underpin credibility for the world trading and investor community. A distinction is drawn between the ambition to exercise such leadership and the effective capacity to do so. The EU’s capacity to lead is not at issue, but, as is shown, it does face a few difficulties. The paper analyses China’s effective leadership capacity based on aspects of its energetic FTA strategy, investment protection agreements, the progress of its domestic market-oriented reforms (required for economic openness) and its record in negotiating the WTO plurilaterals. Some reflections on a possible joint leadership of the EU and China are offered in the conclusion
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