837 research outputs found
Self-explaining Hierarchical Model for Intraoperative Time Series
Major postoperative complications are devastating to surgical patients. Some
of these complications are potentially preventable via early predictions based
on intraoperative data. However, intraoperative data comprise long and
fine-grained multivariate time series, prohibiting the effective learning of
accurate models. The large gaps associated with clinical events and protocols
are usually ignored. Moreover, deep models generally lack transparency.
Nevertheless, the interpretability is crucial to assist clinicians in planning
for and delivering postoperative care and timely interventions. Towards this
end, we propose a hierarchical model combining the strength of both attention
and recurrent models for intraoperative time series. We further develop an
explanation module for the hierarchical model to interpret the predictions by
providing contributions of intraoperative data in a fine-grained manner.
Experiments on a large dataset of 111,888 surgeries with multiple outcomes and
an external high-resolution ICU dataset show that our model can achieve strong
predictive performance (i.e., high accuracy) and offer robust interpretations
(i.e., high transparency) for predicted outcomes based on intraoperative time
series
Neural Correlates of Effective Learning in Experienced Medical Decision-Makers
Accurate associative learning is often hindered by confirmation bias and success-chasing, which together can conspire to produce or solidify false beliefs in the decision-maker. We performed functional magnetic resonance imaging in 35 experienced physicians, while they learned to choose between two treatments in a series of virtual patient encounters. We estimated a learning model for each subject based on their observed behavior and this model divided clearly into high performers and low performers. The high performers showed small, but equal learning rates for both successes (positive outcomes) and failures (no response to the drug). In contrast, low performers showed very large and asymmetric learning rates, learning significantly more from successes than failures; a tendency that led to sub-optimal treatment choices. Consistently with these behavioral findings, high performers showed larger, more sustained BOLD responses to failed vs. successful outcomes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule while low performers displayed the opposite response profile. Furthermore, participants' learning asymmetry correlated with anticipatory activation in the nucleus accumbens at trial onset, well before outcome presentation. Subjects with anticipatory activation in the nucleus accumbens showed more success-chasing during learning. These results suggest that high performers' brains achieve better outcomes by attending to informative failures during training, rather than chasing the reward value of successes. The differential brain activations between high and low performers could potentially be developed into biomarkers to identify efficient learners on novel decision tasks, in medical or other contexts
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