4,369 research outputs found

    Comparison of convolutional neural network models for user’s facial recognition

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    This paper compares well-known convolutional neural networks (CNN) models for facial recognition. For this, it uses its database created from two registered users and an additional category of unknown persons. Eight different base models of convolutional architectures were compared by transfer of learning, and two additional proposed models called shallow CNN and shallow directed acyclic graph with CNN (DAG-CNN), which are architectures with little depth (six convolution layers). Within the tests with the database, the best results were obtained by the GoogLeNet and ResNet-101 models, managing to classify 100% of the images, even without confusing people outside the two users. However, in an additional real-time test, in which one of the users had his style changed, the models that showed the greatest robustness in this situation were the Inception and the ResNet-101, being able to maintain constant recognition. This demonstrated that the networks of greater depth manage to learn more detailed features of the users' faces, unlike those of shallower ones; their learning of features is more generalized. Declare the full term of an abbreviation/acronym when it is mentioned for the first time

    Deep learning analysis of plasma emissions: A potential system for monitoring methane and hydrogen in the pyrolysis processes

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    The estimation of methane and hydrogen production as output from a pyrolysis reaction is paramount to monitor the process and optimize its parameters. In this study, we propose a novel experimental approach for monitoring methane pyrolysis reactions aimed at hydrogen production by quantifying methane and hydrogen output from the system. While we appreciate the complexity of molecular outputs from methane hydrolysis process, our primary approach is a simplified model considering detection of hydrogen and methane only which involves three steps: continuous gas sampling, feeding of the sample into an argon plasma, and employing deep learning model to estimate of the methane and hydrogen concentration from the plasma spectral emission. While our model exhibits promising performance, there is still significant room for improvement in accuracy, especially regarding hydrogen quantification in the presence of methane and other hydrogen bearing molecules. These findings present exciting prospects, and we will discuss future steps necessary to advance this concept, which is currently in its early stages of development

    Flood dynamics derived from video remote sensing

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    Flooding is by far the most pervasive natural hazard, with the human impacts of floods expected to worsen in the coming decades due to climate change. Hydraulic models are a key tool for understanding flood dynamics and play a pivotal role in unravelling the processes that occur during a flood event, including inundation flow patterns and velocities. In the realm of river basin dynamics, video remote sensing is emerging as a transformative tool that can offer insights into flow dynamics and thus, together with other remotely sensed data, has the potential to be deployed to estimate discharge. Moreover, the integration of video remote sensing data with hydraulic models offers a pivotal opportunity to enhance the predictive capacity of these models. Hydraulic models are traditionally built with accurate terrain, flow and bathymetric data and are often calibrated and validated using observed data to obtain meaningful and actionable model predictions. Data for accurately calibrating and validating hydraulic models are not always available, leaving the assessment of the predictive capabilities of some models deployed in flood risk management in question. Recent advances in remote sensing have heralded the availability of vast video datasets of high resolution. The parallel evolution of computing capabilities, coupled with advancements in artificial intelligence are enabling the processing of data at unprecedented scales and complexities, allowing us to glean meaningful insights into datasets that can be integrated with hydraulic models. The aims of the research presented in this thesis were twofold. The first aim was to evaluate and explore the potential applications of video from air- and space-borne platforms to comprehensively calibrate and validate two-dimensional hydraulic models. The second aim was to estimate river discharge using satellite video combined with high resolution topographic data. In the first of three empirical chapters, non-intrusive image velocimetry techniques were employed to estimate river surface velocities in a rural catchment. For the first time, a 2D hydraulicvmodel was fully calibrated and validated using velocities derived from Unpiloted Aerial Vehicle (UAV) image velocimetry approaches. This highlighted the value of these data in mitigating the limitations associated with traditional data sources used in parameterizing two-dimensional hydraulic models. This finding inspired the subsequent chapter where river surface velocities, derived using Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV), and flood extents, derived using deep neural network-based segmentation, were extracted from satellite video and used to rigorously assess the skill of a two-dimensional hydraulic model. Harnessing the ability of deep neural networks to learn complex features and deliver accurate and contextually informed flood segmentation, the potential value of satellite video for validating two dimensional hydraulic model simulations is exhibited. In the final empirical chapter, the convergence of satellite video imagery and high-resolution topographical data bridges the gap between visual observations and quantitative measurements by enabling the direct extraction of velocities from video imagery, which is used to estimate river discharge. Overall, this thesis demonstrates the significant potential of emerging video-based remote sensing datasets and offers approaches for integrating these data into hydraulic modelling and discharge estimation practice. The incorporation of LSPIV techniques into flood modelling workflows signifies a methodological progression, especially in areas lacking robust data collection infrastructure. Satellite video remote sensing heralds a major step forward in our ability to observe river dynamics in real time, with potentially significant implications in the domain of flood modelling science

    Neuromodulatory effects on early visual signal processing

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    Understanding how the brain processes information and generates simple to complex behavior constitutes one of the core objectives in systems neuroscience. However, when studying different neural circuits, their dynamics and interactions researchers often assume fixed connectivity, overlooking a crucial factor - the effect of neuromodulators. Neuromodulators can modulate circuit activity depending on several aspects, such as different brain states or sensory contexts. Therefore, considering the modulatory effects of neuromodulators on the functionality of neural circuits is an indispensable step towards a more complete picture of the brain’s ability to process information. Generally, this issue affects all neural systems; hence this thesis tries to address this with an experimental and computational approach to resolve neuromodulatory effects on cell type-level in a well-define system, the mouse retina. In the first study, we established and applied a machine-learning-based classification algorithm to identify individual functional retinal ganglion cell types, which enabled detailed cell type-resolved analyses. We applied the classifier to newly acquired data of light-evoked retinal ganglion cell responses and successfully identified their functional types. Here, the cell type-resolved analysis revealed that a particular principle of efficient coding applies to all types in a similar way. In a second study, we focused on the issue of inter-experimental variability that can occur during the process of pooling datasets. As a result, further downstream analyses may be complicated by the subtle variations between the individual datasets. To tackle this, we proposed a theoretical framework based on an adversarial autoencoder with the objective to remove inter-experimental variability from the pooled dataset, while preserving the underlying biological signal of interest. In the last study of this thesis, we investigated the functional effects of the neuromodulator nitric oxide on the retinal output signal. To this end, we used our previously developed retinal ganglion cell type classifier to unravel type-specific effects and established a paired recording protocol to account for type-specific time-dependent effects. We found that certain retinal ganglion cell types showed adaptational type-specific changes and that nitric oxide had a distinct modulation of a particular group of retinal ganglion cells. In summary, I first present several experimental and computational methods that allow to study functional neuromodulatory effects on the retinal output signal in a cell type-resolved manner and, second, use these tools to demonstrate their feasibility to study the neuromodulator nitric oxide

    Understanding Timing Error Characteristics From Overclocked Systolic Multiply–Accumulate Arrays in FPGAs

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    Artificial Intelligence (AI) hardware accelerators have seen tremendous developments in recent years due to the rapid growth of AI in multiple fields. Many such accelerators comprise a Systolic Multiply–Accumulate Array (SMA) as its computational brain. In this paper, we investigate the faulty output characterization of an SMA in a real silicon FPGA board. Experiments were run on a single Zybo Z7-20 board to control for process variation at nominal voltage and in small batches to control for temperature. The FPGA is rated up to 800 MHz in the data sheet due to the max frequency of the PLL, but the design is written using Verilog for the FPGA and C++ for the processor and synthesized with a chosen constraint of a 125 MHz clock. We then operate the system at a frequency range of 125 MHz to 450 MHz for the FPGA and the nominal 667 MHz for the processor core to produce timing errors in the FPGA without affecting the processor. Our extensive experimental platform with a hardware–software ecosystem provides a methodological pathway that reveals fascinating characteristics of SMA behavior under an overclocked environment. While one may intuitively expect that timing errors resulting from overclocked hardware may produce a wide variation in output values, our post-silicon evaluation reveals a lack of variation in erroneous output values. We found an intriguing pattern where error output values are stable for a given input across a range of operating frequencies far exceeding the rated frequency of the FPGA

    Application of Saliency Maps for Optimizing Camera Positioning in Deep Learning Applications

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    In the fields of process control engineering and robotics, especially in automatic control, optimization challenges frequently manifest as complex problems with expensive evaluations. This thesis zeroes in on one such problem: the optimization of camera positions for Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). CNNs have specific attention points in images that are often not intuitive to human perception, making camera placement critical for performance. The research is guided by two primary questions. The first investigates the role of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), specifically GradCAM++ visual explanations, in Computer Vision for aiding in the evaluation of different camera positions. Building on this, the second question assesses a novel algorithm that leverages these XAI features against traditional black-box optimization methods. To answer these questions, the study employs a robotic auto-positioning system for data collection, CNN model training, and performance evaluation. A case study focused on classifying flow regimes in industrial-grade bioreactors validates the method. The proposed approach shows improvements over established techniques like Grid Search, Random Search, Bayesian optimization, and Simulated Annealing. Future work will focus on gathering more data and including noise for generalized conclusions.:Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem Analysis 1.3 Research Question 1.4 Structure of the Thesis 2 State of the Art 2.1 Literature Research Methodology 2.1.1 Search Strategy 2.1.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 2.2 Blackbox Optimization 2.3 Mathematical Notation 2.4 Bayesian Optimization 2.5 Simulated Annealing 2.6 Random Search 2.7 Gridsearch 2.8 Explainable A.I. and Saliency Maps 2.9 Flowregime Classification in Stirred Vessels 2.10 Performance Metrics 2.10.1 R2 Score and Polynomial Regression for Experiment Data Analysis 2.10.2 Blackbox Optimization Performance Metrics 2.10.3 CNN Performance Metrics 3 Methodology 3.1 Requirement Analysis and Research Hypothesis 3.2 Research Approach: Case Study 3.3 Data Collection 3.4 Evaluation and Justification 4 Concept 4.1 System Overview 4.2 Data Flow 4.3 Experimental Setup 4.4 Optimization Challenges and Approaches 5 Data Collection and Experimental Setup 5.1 Hardware Components 5.2 Data Recording and Design of Experiments 5.3 Data Collection 5.4 Post-Experiment 6 Implementation 6.1 Simulation Unit 6.2 Recommendation Scalar from Saliency Maps 6.3 Saliency Map Features as Guidance Mechanism 6.4 GradCam++ Enhanced Bayesian Optimization 6.5 Benchmarking Unit 6.6 Benchmarking 7 Results and Evaluation 7.1 Experiment Data Analysis 7.2 Recommendation Scalar 7.3 Benchmarking Results and Quantitative Analysis 7.3.1 Accuracy Results from the Benchmarking Process 7.3.2 Cumulative Results Interpretation 7.3.3 Analysis of Variability 7.4 Answering the Research Questions 7.5 Summary 8 Discussion 8.1 Critical Examination of Limitations 8.2 Discussion of Solutions to Limitations 8.3 Practice-Oriented Discussion of Findings 9 Summary and OutlookIm Bereich der Prozessleittechnik und Robotik, speziell bei der automatischen Steuerung, treten oft komplexe Optimierungsprobleme auf. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich auf die Optimierung der Kameraplatzierung in Anwendungen, die Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) verwenden. Da CNNs spezifische, für den Menschen nicht immer ersichtliche, Merkmale in Bildern hervorheben, ist die intuitive Platzierung der Kamera oft nicht optimal. Zwei Forschungsfragen leiten diese Arbeit: Die erste Frage untersucht die Rolle von Erklärbarer Künstlicher Intelligenz (XAI) in der Computer Vision zur Bereitstellung von Merkmalen für die Bewertung von Kamerapositionen. Die zweite Frage vergleicht einen darauf basierenden Algorithmus mit anderen Blackbox-Optimierungstechniken. Ein robotisches Auto-Positionierungssystem wird zur Datenerfassung und für Experimente eingesetzt. Als Lösungsansatz wird eine Methode vorgestellt, die XAI-Merkmale, insbesondere solche aus GradCAM++ Erkenntnissen, mit einem Bayesschen Optimierungsalgorithmus kombiniert. Diese Methode wird in einer Fallstudie zur Klassifizierung von Strömungsregimen in industriellen Bioreaktoren angewendet und zeigt eine gesteigerte performance im Vergleich zu etablierten Methoden. Zukünftige Forschung wird sich auf die Sammlung weiterer Daten, die Inklusion von verrauschten Daten und die Konsultation von Experten für eine kostengünstigere Implementierung konzentrieren.:Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problem Analysis 1.3 Research Question 1.4 Structure of the Thesis 2 State of the Art 2.1 Literature Research Methodology 2.1.1 Search Strategy 2.1.2 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 2.2 Blackbox Optimization 2.3 Mathematical Notation 2.4 Bayesian Optimization 2.5 Simulated Annealing 2.6 Random Search 2.7 Gridsearch 2.8 Explainable A.I. and Saliency Maps 2.9 Flowregime Classification in Stirred Vessels 2.10 Performance Metrics 2.10.1 R2 Score and Polynomial Regression for Experiment Data Analysis 2.10.2 Blackbox Optimization Performance Metrics 2.10.3 CNN Performance Metrics 3 Methodology 3.1 Requirement Analysis and Research Hypothesis 3.2 Research Approach: Case Study 3.3 Data Collection 3.4 Evaluation and Justification 4 Concept 4.1 System Overview 4.2 Data Flow 4.3 Experimental Setup 4.4 Optimization Challenges and Approaches 5 Data Collection and Experimental Setup 5.1 Hardware Components 5.2 Data Recording and Design of Experiments 5.3 Data Collection 5.4 Post-Experiment 6 Implementation 6.1 Simulation Unit 6.2 Recommendation Scalar from Saliency Maps 6.3 Saliency Map Features as Guidance Mechanism 6.4 GradCam++ Enhanced Bayesian Optimization 6.5 Benchmarking Unit 6.6 Benchmarking 7 Results and Evaluation 7.1 Experiment Data Analysis 7.2 Recommendation Scalar 7.3 Benchmarking Results and Quantitative Analysis 7.3.1 Accuracy Results from the Benchmarking Process 7.3.2 Cumulative Results Interpretation 7.3.3 Analysis of Variability 7.4 Answering the Research Questions 7.5 Summary 8 Discussion 8.1 Critical Examination of Limitations 8.2 Discussion of Solutions to Limitations 8.3 Practice-Oriented Discussion of Findings 9 Summary and Outloo

    Sound Event Detection by Exploring Audio Sequence Modelling

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    Everyday sounds in real-world environments are a powerful source of information by which humans can interact with their environments. Humans can infer what is happening around them by listening to everyday sounds. At the same time, it is a challenging task for a computer algorithm in a smart device to automatically recognise, understand, and interpret everyday sounds. Sound event detection (SED) is the process of transcribing an audio recording into sound event tags with onset and offset time values. This involves classification and segmentation of sound events in the given audio recording. SED has numerous applications in everyday life which include security and surveillance, automation, healthcare monitoring, multimedia information retrieval, and assisted living technologies. SED is to everyday sounds what automatic speech recognition (ASR) is to speech and automatic music transcription (AMT) is to music. The fundamental questions in designing a sound recognition system are, which portion of a sound event should the system analyse, and what proportion of a sound event should the system process in order to claim a confident detection of that particular sound event. While the classification of sound events has improved a lot in recent years, it is considered that the temporal-segmentation of sound events has not improved in the same extent. The aim of this thesis is to propose and develop methods to improve the segmentation and classification of everyday sound events in SED models. In particular, this thesis explores the segmentation of sound events by investigating audio sequence encoding-based and audio sequence modelling-based methods, in an effort to improve the overall sound event detection performance. In the first phase of this thesis, efforts are put towards improving sound event detection by explicitly conditioning the audio sequence representations of an SED model using sound activity detection (SAD) and onset detection. To achieve this, we propose multi-task learning-based SED models in which SAD and onset detection are used as auxiliary tasks for the SED task. The next part of this thesis explores self-attention-based audio sequence modelling, which aggregates audio representations based on temporal relations within and between sound events, scored on the basis of the similarity of sound event portions in audio event sequences. We propose SED models that include memory-controlled, adaptive, dynamic, and source separation-induced self-attention variants, with the aim to improve overall sound recognition
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