A Review of the Energy Efficient and Secure Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks

This paper presents a thorough survey of recent work addressing energy efficient multicast routing protocols and secure multicast routing protocols in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). There are so many issues and solutions which witness the need of energy management and security in ad hoc wireless networks. The objective of a multicast routing protocol for MANETs is to support the propagation of data from a sender to all the receivers of a multicast group while trying to use the available bandwidth efficiently in the presence of frequent topology changes. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages by exploiting the inherent broadcast property of wireless transmission. Secure multicast routing plays a significant role in MANETs. However, offering energy efficient and secure multicast routing is a difficult and challenging task. In recent years, various multicast routing protocols have been proposed for MANETs. These protocols have distinguishing features and use different mechanismsComment: 15 page

Multicast routing strategy for SDN-cluster based MANET

The energy limitation and frequent movement of the mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) nodes (i.e., devices) make the routing process very difficult. The multicast routing problem is one of the NP-complete problems. Therefore, the need for a new power-aware approach to select an optimum multicast path with minimum power consumption that can enhance the performance and increase the lifetime of MANET has become urgent. Software defined network (SDN) is a new technique that can solve many problems of the traditional networks by dividing the architecture into data part and control part. This paper presents three power-aware multicast routing strategies for MANET. First one called a Reactive Multicast routing strategy for cluster based MANET by using SDN (RMCMS), second one called proactive multicast routing strategy for cluster based MANET by using SDN (PMCMS) and third one represents modification of PMCMS called M-PMCMS. Moreover, it produces a new mathematical model to build a multicast tree with minimum power consumption and takes into account the remaining power in each node. All proposed multicast strategies operate based on this mathematical model and aim to maximize the MANET lifetime by exploiting the advantages of SDN and clustering concepts. They consider the multicast tree with minimum power consumption as an optimal one. The simulation results illustrated that RMCMS is better than PMCMS, M-PMCMS, and MAODV in terms of power consumption and network overhead while M-PMCMS is the best one in terms of dropped packets ratio (DPR) and average end to end (E2E) delay

Mesh based and Hybrid Multicast routing protocols for MANETs: Current State of the art

This paper discusses various multicast routing protocols which are proposed in the recent past each having its own unique characteristic, with a motive of providing a complete understanding of these multicast routing protocols and present the scope of future research in this field. Further, the paper specifically discusses the current development in the development of mesh based and hybrid multicasting routing protocols. The study of this paper addresses the solution of most difficult task in Multicast routing protocols for MANETs under host mobility which causes multi-hop routing which is even more severe with bandwidth limitations. The Multicast routing plays a substantial part in MANETs

Energy Efficient Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Contemporary Affirmation of Benchmarking Models in Recent Literature

The Mobile Ad hoc Networks playing critical role in network aided communication requirements The features such as ad hoc and open architecture based connectivity and node mobility are elevating the mobile ad hoc networks as much as feasible to deploy and use The direct communication between any of two nodes in this network is possible if target node is in the range of source node If not the indirect communication took place which is usually referred as multi hop routing The multi hop routing occurs as either a unicast model one source node to one destination node multicast model one source node to multiple destination nodes or multiple casting manifold unicast routing In these routing strategies provision of service quality in multi hop routing is a challenging task The optimal quality of service in routing magnifies the delivery ratio transmission rate network life span and other expected characteristics of the ad hoc routing Among the quality service provision factors minimal energy conservation is prime factor which is since the nodes involved in routing are self-energized and if discharged early then the route will be destructed that causes discontinued routing The energy consumption is more specific in multicast routing hence it is grabbing the more attention of the current research contribution

A receiver-initiated soft-state probabilistic multicasting protocol in wireless ad hoc networks

A novel Receiver-Initiated Soft-State Probabilistic multicasting protocol (RISP) for mobile ad hoc network is proposed in this paper. RISP introduces probabilistic forwarding and soft-state for making relay decisions. Multicast members periodically initiate control packets, through which intermediate nodes adjust the forwarding probability. With a probability decay function (soft-state), routes traversed by more control packets are reinforced, while the less utilized paths are gradually relinquished. In this way, RISP can adapt to node mobility: at low mobility, RISP performs similar to a tree-based protocol; at high mobility, it produces a multicast mesh in the network. Simulation results show RISP has lower delivery redundancy than meshbased protocols, while achieving higher delivery ratio. Further, the control overhead is lower than other compared protocols. © 2005 IEEE.published_or_final_versio

A receiver-initiated soft-state probabilistic multicasting protocol in wireless ad hoc networks

A novel Receiver-Initiated Soft-State Probabilistic multicasting protocol (RISP) for mobile ad hoc network is proposed in this paper. RISP introduces probabilistic forwarding and soft-state for making relay decisions. Multicast members periodically initiate control packets, through which intermediate nodes adjust the forwarding probability. With a probability decay function (soft-state), routes traversed by more control packets are reinforced, while the less utilized paths are gradually relinquished. In this way, RISP can adapt to node mobility: at low mobility, RISP performs similar to a tree-based protocol; at high mobility, it produces a multicast mesh in the network. Simulation results show RISP has lower delivery redundancy than meshbased protocols, while achieving higher delivery ratio. Further, the control overhead is lower than other compared protocols. © 2005 IEEE.published_or_final_versio

Mengenal pasti masalah pemahaman dan hubungannya dengan latar belakang matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat pelajar terhadap bab pengawalan kos makanan di Sekolah Menengah Teknik (ert) Rembau: satu kajian kes.

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji hubungan korelasi antara latar belakang Matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat dengan pemahaman pelajar terhadap bab tersebut. Responden adalah seramai 30 orang iaitu terdiri daripada pelajar tingkatan lima kursus Katering, Sekolah Menengah Teknik (ERT) Rembau, Negeri Sembilan. Instrumen kajian adalah soal selidik dan semua data dianalisis menggunakan program SPSS versi 10.0 untuk mendapatkan nilai min dan nilai korelasi bagi memenuhi objektif yang telah ditetapkan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa hubungan korelasi antara gaya pembelajaran pelajar terhadap pemahaman pelajar adalah kuat. Manakala hubungan korelasi antara latar belakang Matematik, motivasi dan minat terhadap pemahaman pelajar adalah sederhana. Nilai tahap min bagi masalah pemahaman pelajar, latar belakang Matematik, gaya pembelajaran, motivasi dan minat terhadap bab Pengawalan Kos Makanan adalah sederhana. Kajian ini mencadangkan penghasilan satu Modul Pembelajaran Kendiri bagi bab Pengawalan Kos Makanan untuk membantu pelajar kursus Katering dalam proses pembelajaran mereka