A mobile agent and message ferry mechanism based routing for delay tolerant network

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) is a class of networks characterized by long delays, frequent disconnections and partitioning of communication paths between network nodes. Due to the frequent disconnection and network partitioning, the overall performance of the network will be deteriorated sharply. The problem is how to make the network fairly connected to optimize data routing and enhance the performance of a network. The aim of this study is to improve the performance of DTN by minimizing end-to-end delivery time and increasing message delivery ratio. Therefore, this research tackles the problem of intermittent connectivity and network partitioning by introducing Agents and Ferry Mechanism based Routing (AFMR). The AFMR comprises of two stages by applying two schemes: mobile agents and ferry mechanism. The agents' scheme is proposed to deal with intermittent connectivity and network partitioning by collecting the basic information about network connection such as signal strength, nodes position in the network and distance to the destination nodes to minimize end-to-end delivery time. The second stage is to increase the message delivery ratio by moving the nodes towards the path with available network connectivity based on agents' feedback. The AFMR is evaluated through simulations and the results are compared with those of Epidemic, PRoPHET and Message Ferry (MF). The findings demonstrate that AFMR is superior to all three, with respect to the average end-to-end delivery time, message delivery ratio, network load and message drop ratio, which are regarded as extremely important metrics for the evaluation of DTN routing protocols. The AFMR achieves improved network performance in terms of end-to-end delivery time (56.3%); enhanced message delivery ratio (60.0%); mitigation of message drop (63.5%) and reduced network load (26.1 %). The contributions of this thesis are to enhance the performance of DTN by significantly overcoming the intermittent connectivity and network partitioning problems in the network

Network parameters impact on dynamic transmission power control in vehicular ad hoc networks

International audienceIn vehicular ad hoc networks, the dynamic change in transmission power is very effective to increase the throughput of the wireless vehicular network and decrease the delay of the message communication between vehicular nodes on the highway. Whenever an event occurs on the highway, the reliability of the communication in the vehicular network becomes so vital so that event created messages should reach to all the moving network nodes. It becomes necessary that there should be no interference from outside of the network and all the neighbor nodes should lie in the transmission range of the reference vehicular node. Transmission range is directly proportional to the transmission power the moving node. If the transmission power will be high, the interference increases that can cause higher delay in message reception at receiver end, hence the performance of the network decreased. In this paper, it is analyzed that how transmission power can be controlled by considering other different parameter of the network such as; density, distance between moving nodes, different types of messages dissemination with their priority, selection of an antenna also affects the transmission power. The dynamic control of transmission power in VANET serves also for the optimization of the resources where it needs, can be decreased and increased depending on the circumstances of the network. Different applications and events of different types also cause changes in transmission power to enhance the reachability. The analysis in this paper is comprised of density, distance with single hop and multi hop message broadcasting based dynamic transmission power control as well as antenna selection and applications based. Some summarized tables are produced according to the respective parameters of the vehicular network. At the end some valuable observations are made and discussed in detail

Efficient Information Dissemination in Vehicular Networks with Privacy Protection

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a key component of intelligent transportation System (ITS). In VANETs, vehicles and roadside units exchange information for the purpose of navigation, safe driving, entertainment and so on. The high mobility of vehicles makes efficient and private communications in VANETs a big challenge. Improving the performance of information dissemination while protecting data privacy is studied in this research. Meet-Table based information dissemination method is first proposed, so as to improve the information dissemination, and to efficiently distribute information via utilizing roadside units, Cloud Computing, and Fog Computing. A clustering algorithm is proposed as well, to improve the stability for self-organized cluster-based dissemination in VANETs on highways. Then, fuzzy neural networks are used to improve the stability and security of routing protocols, AODV, and design a novel protocol, GSS-AODV. To further protect data privacy, a multi-antenna based information protection approach for vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V) communications is also proposed

High performance simulation and modelling of wireless vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular communications occur when two or more vehicles come into range of one another, to share data over wireless media. The applications of this communication are far-reaching, from toll collection to collision avoidance. Due to the proliferation of wireless devices and their ubiquitous nature it is now possible to operate in an ad hoc manner between transmitting stations. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) are a special kind of network, that experience short link times and high levels of interference, but have the ability to present many driver information and safety solutions for the worlds roads. Computer simulation of VANET enables rapid-prototyping and intensive exploration of systems and protocol, using highly complex and computationally expensive models and programs. Experimentation with real vehicles would be time consuming and expensive, limiting the range of study that could be achieved and therefore reducing the accuracy of analytical solutions exposed through experimentation. An extensive corpus of work on networking, traffic modelling and parallel processing algorithm has been reviewed as part of this thesis, to isolate the current state-of-the-art and examine areas for novel research. In this thesis the value and importance of computer simulation for VANET is proposed, which explores the applications of a high-fidelity system when applied to real-world scenarios. The work is grounded on two main contributions: 1) that by using intervehicle communication and an advanced lane changing/merging algorithm the congestion that builds up around an obstruction on a highway can be alleviated and reduced more effectively than simple line-of-sight, even when only a proportion of the vehicles are radio equipped. 2) that the available parameter space, as large as it is, can be efficiently explored using a parallel algorithm with the NS-3 network simulation system. The large-scale simulation of VANET in highway scenarios can be used to discover universal trends and behaviours in the successful and timely delivery of data packets. The application of VANET research has a broad scope for use in modern vehicles and the optimisation of the transmission of data is highly relevant; a large number of parameters can be tuned in a networking device, but knowing which to tune and by how much is paramount to the operation of intelligent transport systems

Protocolo adaptativo de disseminação de dados para aplicações de segurança no trânsito em rodovias

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Automação e Sistemas, Florianópolis, 2013.As VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) são formadas por sistemas de comunicação entre veículos que fazem parte de um ambiente de trânsito e têm seus nós compostos por veículos e por equipamentos fixos que estão presentes ao longo das vias. Estas redes objetivam proporcionar conforto e segurança aos passageiros, por meio de informações sobre acidentes na pista, condição da estrada e aplicações de entretenimento. A disponibilidade e o tempo em que as mensagens trafegam nesta rede são essenciais para tais aplicações. Por isso, as VANETs requerem métodos eficientes e confiáveis para a comunicação de dados. Para prover confiabilidade à difusão de dados em redes veiculares deve-se transpassar alguns problemas como, por exemplo, broadcast storm, nós ocultos, alta colisões de pacotes, redundância de informação, entre outros. Muitos destes problemas persistem em estudos realizados anteriormente. Este trabalho tem por objetivo prover confiabilidade na disseminação de mensagens em aplicações voltadas a segurança no trânsito por meio de um protocolo adaptativo e eficiente. O protocolo proposto é adaptativo pois adapta o período entre transmissões de mensagens de controle de acordo com a densidade da rodovia, a fim de diminuir o número de mensagens geradas na rede. Também visa ser eficiente pois diminui a quantidade de colisões frente a quantidade de pacotes gerados na rede, oferece menor atraso no envio das mensagens e diminui a quantidade de retransmissões em cenários com mais de um alerta na rede. O trabalho envolveu (I) a definição do protocolo proposto, a integração e o uso deste pela aplicação, (II) a implementação de uma aplicação para rodovias com simuladores de redes e de tráfego bidirecionalmente acoplados, (III) avaliação da confiabilidade do protocolo proposto e dos impactos decorrentes do uso do protocolo na aplicação de disseminação de alertas por meio de simulações realizadas em diferentes cenários de densidade de veículos, e (IV) as análises dos resultados experimentais obtidos. Os resultados dos experimentos comprovam que o protocolo proposto, para os cenários simulados é 100 % confiável e que os impactos decorrentes do seu uso não prejudicam as funcionalidades da aplicação, comprovando a eficiência do protocolo.Abstract : The VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks) are formed by communication systems among vehicles which are part of the same traffic environment. Their nodes are composed of vehicles and fixed equipment present along the traffic ways. The aim of these networks is to provide comfort and safety to passengers through information about accidents on the road, road conditions and entertainment applications. The availability and the time span in which these messages move through the network are essential for these applications. Consequently, the VANETs require eficient and reliable methods for data communication. To ensure that data transmission in vehicular networks is reliable certain problems must be overcome, such as broadcast storm, hidden nodes, high collision of packages, information redundancy, among others. Many of these problems persist in previous studies. Thus, this work aims at providing, through an adaptive and eficient protocol, reliability to message transmission in applications targeted at traffic safety. The proposed protocol is adaptive as it adapts the time span between the transmissions of messages according to the road density, in order to decrease the number of messages generated in the network. It also aims at efficiency as it decreases the amount of collisions due to the number of packages generated in the network, presents less delay in message transmission and decreases the amount of retransmissions in scenarios with more than one alert in the network. This research involved (I) the definition of the proposed protocol, its integration and use by the application, (II) the implementation of an application for motorways with network and traffic simulators directionally attached, (III) evaluation of the reliability of the proposed protocol and of the impacts resulting from the use of the protocol in the application of spread of alerts through simulations carried out in diverse scenarios of vehicle density, (IV) the analyses of the experimental results. These results prove that the proposed protocol is 100 % reliable for simulated scenarios and that the impacts produced by its use do not harm the functionalities of the application, proving the eficiency of the protocol

Hybrid routing in delay tolerant networks

This work addresses the integration of today\\u27s infrastructure-based networks with infrastructure-less networks. The resulting Hybrid Routing System allows for communication over both network types and can help to overcome cost, communication, and overload problems. Mobility aspect resulting from infrastructure-less networks are analyzed and analytical models developed. For development and deployment of the Hybrid Routing System an overlay-based framework is presented

Hybrid Routing in Delay Tolerant Networks

This work addresses the integration of today\u27s infrastructure-based networks with infrastructure-less networks. The resulting Hybrid Routing System allows for communication over both network types and can help to overcome cost, communication, and overload problems. Mobility aspect resulting from infrastructure-less networks are analyzed and analytical models developed. For development and deployment of the Hybrid Routing System an overlay-based framework is presented

Performance analysis of V2V dynamic anchor position-based routing protocols

Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have received more attention in both academic and industry settings. One of the challenging issues in this domain is routing protocols. VANETs unique characteristics such as high mobility with the constraint of road topology, fast network topology changes, frequently disconnected networks, and time-sensitive data exchange makes it difficult to design an efficient routing protocol for routing data in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-toinfrastructure communications. Designing routing protocols for V2V commutations are more challenging due to the absence of infrastructure nodes in the communication procedure. They become even more challenging, when they get benefit from dynamic anchor computation method in which the anchor nodes (junctions or basic nodes for routing) are dynamic in their routing procedure. Positionbased routing protocols have been proven to be superior and outperform the other protocols since there is no requirement to establish and save a route between source and destination during the routing process which is suitable for dynamic nature of vehicular networks. In this paper, the performance of V2V dynamic anchor position-based routing protocols, which are proposed for the most challenging condition of packet routing in VANET, are investigated and evaluated under two different scenarios (i.e. various vehicle densities and velocities) through NS-2. The obtained results are then illustrated based on average delay, packet delivery ratio and routing overhead as routing performance indicators. Our objective is to provide a quantitative assessment of the applicability of these protocols in different vehicular scenarios. 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