421 research outputs found

    Lifetime Analysis of Metallized Polypropylene Capacitors in Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Finite Element Method

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    Electric field mapping inside metallized film capacitors

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    Reliability of Capacitors for DC-Link Applications in Power Electronic Converters:An Overview

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    Power shunt capacitor bank management model based on life expectancy and risk overtime

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    In this paper is presented a model to assess shunt power capacitor banks. The model seeks to support decision making by optimizing incomes and considering risk. Hence, to model incomes the revenue, maintenance cost, electrical losses, dismantling cost and risk are considered. The risk is monetized as a critical cost times probability of failure. Probability of failure is estimated using shunt bank degradation. To assess the model, the data of an operating shunt bank was used and the Colombian regulation was assumed for financial values. As a result, different maintenance strategies was evaluated in order to know the optimum one

    Steering Capacitor Film Development with Methods for Correct and Adequate Dielectric Performance Assessment

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    The transition of electric power systems towards renewable generation has created an increasing market for power electronics using film capacitors as one of their key components. Size, weight, and cost reduction can be achieved with better capacitors – an objective achievable with advanced dielectric films. The current state-of-the-art biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films are already operated close to their fundamental limits, causing a growing demand for next-generation technologies. To perform well when used in a capacitor, a film needs to have a wide range of fundamental and applied properties, all of which should be evaluated during film development to ensure there are no unwanted trade-offs. Power capacitors are used in applications with high downtime costs, e.g. HVDC, thus especially the reliability aspects must be given scrutiny. This thesis work was inspired by the lack of knowledge of the long-term performance of next generation dielectrics, e.g. polymer nanocomposites. Equally important was to fill the gaps in published knowledge of measurement methods to evaluate long-term properties, voltage endurance, and surprisingly, also the dielectric permittivity of thin (≈10 μm) low-loss films. In this thesis, a suitable measurement for each three is presented along with examples of their capability and an approach to applying them to steer film development. The large-area multi-breakdown method developed in our research group is extended to measurements at realistic operating temperatures, and industrial BOPP films are shown to exhibit an 11–20 % decrease in the DC breakdown strength between room temperature and 100 ◦C. The results align with literature, which supports the validity of the approach. BOPP films made of base materials varying in terms of molecular weight are measured: these films exhibit similar short-term breakdown performance at room temperature, yet at 100 ◦C differences emerge. The difference did not correlate with the reduction of breakdown performance after DC electro-thermal aging, demonstrating the necessity of long-term tests. Electron beam evaporation in high vacuum (P<10−6 mbar) is established as a repeatable and suitable method to metallize electrodes on ultra low-loss BOPP films, solving earlier issues of abnormally high dielectric losses or unrealistically low real permittivity. Metallization process is identified as the crucial factor: no pre- or post-treatments are required, and valid results are obtainable with various electrode metals. The method was demonstrated by measuring true “literature value” dielectric permittivity of commercial BOPP films: E≈2.25 and tanδ≈10−4. The importance of successful metallization process for measuring the intrinsic losses is demonstrated: samples with sputter deposited electrodes exhibited abnormally high dielectric losses, as also did samples metallized using another e-beam evaporator. The multi-breakdown approach is also extended to times-to-breakdown tests, and accelerated ageing tests are conducted on an industrial BOPP film. High-field degradation and drastically reduced insulation life are observed. Analysis of the Weibull failure rate supports the notion that at current design stresses, BOPP is already operated close to the fundamental material limits, and also that the life in operating conditions cannot be determined by simple inverse power law extrapolation of accelerated rapid ageing data. Again, long-term ageing testing is advocated. Space charge measurements on “classic” BOPP films reveal charge accumulation at high fields, as expected. Interestingly, no space charge accumulation is detected in a novel nanostructured material under similar conditions, demonstrating the potentiality of nanofilled DC insulation. A DC electro-thermal ageing test method is presented to investigate long-term phenomena in realistic operating conditions. Two 1000 h DC electro-thermal ageing tests associate ageing with the formation of electrically weak points. Large-area breakdown behavior, being sensitive to local changes, is established as a recommended ageing indicator. Material characterization does not reveal ageing-induced changes in bulk properties, supporting the literature-backed conclusion that early ageing progresses by localized degradation. A trial with eight pilot-scale materials demonstrate that weak point formation may be inhibited in nanostructured materials, but also that material-specific optimization of film processing is required to reach optimal dielectric performance. Ultimately, the methods developed are fused into one resource-efficient approach to capacitor film development, in which the short-, mid-, and long-term properties are evaluated in three overlapping phases. Reliance on individual performance metrics to steer film development is discouraged: all properties need to be at an appropriate level for a film to perform in application, and there are trade-offs to be managed

    An Overview of Condition Monitoring Techniques for Capacitors in DC-Link Applications

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    Capacitor Technologies, Applications and Reliability

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    Various aspects of capacitor technologies and applications are discussed. Major emphasis is placed on: the causes of failures; accelerated testing; screening tests; destructive physical analysis; applications techniques; and improvements in capacitor capabilities

    Condition Monitoring of Capacitors for DC-link Application in Power Electronic Converters

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    Power Modulation Investigation for High Temperature (175-200 degrees Celcius) Automotive Application

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    Lämpöikäännytyksen vaikutukset kondensaattorikäyttöön suunniteltuihin ohutkalvoeristyksiin

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    Ohutkalvoeristyksiä käytetään kondensaattorisovelluksissa, joissa vaaditaan luotettavuutta, korkeaa energiatiheyttä ja pieniä häviöitä. Itseparanevia metalloituja ohutkalvoeristyksiä käyttäen kondensaattorit saadaan ikääntymään hallitusti. Uudet sovelluskohteet ovat luoneet tarpeen ohutkalvokondensaattoreiden energiatiheyden parantamiselle, mihin voidaan päästä kentänvoimakkuutta tai suhteellista permittiviteettiä nostamalla. Parannusta on haettu uusien materiaalien, kuten nanokomposiittien sekä valmistusprosessin parametrien säädön avulla. Kondensaattoreilta vaaditaan usein luotettavaa yli 30 vuoden elinikää, ja uusien materiaalin ikääntymiskäytös täytyy tuntea ennenaikaisen ikääntymisen varalta. Vaikka lyhytaikaisten ominaisuuksien määrittäminen onkin verraten yksinkertaista, tiedon puute uusien eristemateriaalien ikääntymiskäytöksestä on yksi alan haasteista. Diplomityön tavoitteena oli laatia kattava kirjallisuusselvitys polymeeriohutkalvoeristysjärjestelmistä ja kokeellisesti vertailla perinteisen BOPP-kalvon ja PP-silika nanokomposiitin ikääntymiskäytöstä lämpörasituksessa. Kappaleisiin 2–4 jakautuva kirjallisuusselvitys käsittelee polymeerien kemiallisia, fyysisiä ja sähköisiä ominaisuuksia, joiden pohjalta siirrytään tarkastelemaan kondensaattorisovelluksissa merkittäviä ikääntymismekanismeja sekä niiden vaikutusten mallintamista. Kokeellisessa osuudessa ohutkalvoja ikäännytettiin 1008 tuntia suojakaasussa ja askeleittain korotetussa 50…110 °C lämpötilassa. Ikääntymistä kartoitettiin läpilyöntikäytöksen muutoksien avulla, uutta MultiBreak-mittausmenetelmää hyödyntäen. Puhtaassa PP-kalvossa mitattiin 50…70 °C lämpörasituksesta lähtien pääjakaumasta poikkeava defektipopulaatio, mitä kirjallisuusselvityksen pohjalta pidettiin merkkinä paikallisiin epäideaalisuuskohtiin keskittyvästä ikääntymisestä. PP-silikassa vastaavaa kehitystä ei havaittu, mikä nähtiin merkkinä erilaisesta, polymeeri-nanopartikkelien vuorovaikutusalueessa tapahtuvasta ikääntymisestä. Puhtaissa PP-kalvoissa esiintynyt heikkojen pisteiden jakauma katosi 90…100 °C jälkeen, minkä tulkittiin viittaavan erilliseen, vain korkeilla lämpötiloilla toimivaan mekanismiin. Aiheuttajaksi esitettiin rakenteellisia muutoksia tai antioksidanttien kulumista, mutta aihe vaatii lisätutkimusta. Tutkimustulosten pohjalta esitetään, että puhtaiden PP-ohutkalvojen ikääntymiskäytöstä reaalimaailman sovelluksissa pitää tarkastella enintään 60…65 °C lämpötiloissa, kun taas nanosilika–materiaalien ikääntymistä voidaan kiihdyttää ainakin 110 °C:ssa. Lisäksi hallittu lämpökäsittely ja lämpöön liittyvien prosessointiparametrien säätö pitää nähdä mahdollisina keinoina parantaa nykyisten PP-kalvojen läpilyöntikestoisuutta
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