Survey on relational database watermarking techniques

Digital watermarking has been in multimedia data use over the past years. Recently it has become applicable in relational database system not only to secure copyright ownership but also to ensure data contents integrity. Further, it is used in locating tampered and modified places. However, the watermarking relational database has its own requirements, challenges, attacks and limitations. This paper, surveys recent database watermarking techniques focusing on the importance of watermarking relational database, the difference between watermarking relational database and multimedia objects, the issues in watermarking relational database, type of attacks on watermarked database, classifications, distortion introduced and the embedded information. The comparative study shows that watermarking relational database can be an effective tool for copyright protection, tampered detection, and hacker tracing while maintaining the integrity of data contents. In addition, this study explores the current issues in watermarking relational database as well as the significant differences between watermarking multimedia data and relational database contents. Finally, it provides a classification of database watermarking techniques according to the way of selecting the candidate key attributes and tuples, distortion introduced and decoding methods used

Watermarking for Security in Database

Watermarking technology is used to embed copyright information in objects such as images, audio, video and databases. The increasing use of relational database systems in many real-life applications creates the need for database watermarking systems for protection of database. As a result, watermarking relational database system deals with the legal issue of copyright protection of database system. There are different types of databases like, Numerical and Categorical Databases. Working with numerical data is easier as compared to categorical databases which is much harder to work with. This report addresses a unique, robust copyright protection scheme for Relational Database. Watermark (Characteristic code) is a binary string calculated through the characteristic operation on the original database. A watermark is called robust if it resists a designated class of transformations. Robust watermarks may be used in copy protection applications to carry copy and access control information. The algorithm correlates characteristics according to the content of the databases, which can resist invertibility attack efficiently.Invertibility attack on database is being considered in this paper

Lime: Data Lineage in the Malicious Environment

Intentional or unintentional leakage of confidential data is undoubtedly one of the most severe security threats that organizations face in the digital era. The threat now extends to our personal lives: a plethora of personal information is available to social networks and smartphone providers and is indirectly transferred to untrustworthy third party and fourth party applications. In this work, we present a generic data lineage framework LIME for data flow across multiple entities that take two characteristic, principal roles (i.e., owner and consumer). We define the exact security guarantees required by such a data lineage mechanism toward identification of a guilty entity, and identify the simplifying non repudiation and honesty assumptions. We then develop and analyze a novel accountable data transfer protocol between two entities within a malicious environment by building upon oblivious transfer, robust watermarking, and signature primitives. Finally, we perform an experimental evaluation to demonstrate the practicality of our protocol

A Fragile Zero Watermarking Scheme to Detect and Characterize Malicious Modifications in Database Relations

We put forward a fragile zero watermarking scheme to detect and characterize malicious modifications made to a database relation. Most of the existing watermarking schemes for relational databases introduce intentional errors or permanent distortions as marks into the database original content. These distortions inevitably degrade the data quality and data usability as the integrity of a relational database is violated. Moreover, these fragile schemes can detect malicious data modifications but do not characterize the tempering attack, that is, the nature of tempering. The proposed fragile scheme is based on zero watermarking approach to detect malicious modifications made to a database relation. In zero watermarking, the watermark is generated (constructed) from the contents of the original data rather than introduction of permanent distortions as marks into the data. As a result, the proposed scheme is distortion-free; thus, it also resolves the inherent conflict between security and imperceptibility. The proposed scheme also characterizes the malicious data modifications to quantify the nature of tempering attacks. Experimental results show that even minor malicious modifications made to a database relation can be detected and characterized successfully

Secure Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks Data Using Linear Kolmogorov Watermarking Technique

In Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), All communications between different nodes are sent out in a broadcast fashion. These networks are used in a variety of applications including military, environmental, and smart spaces. Sensors are susceptible to various types of attack, such as data modification, data insertion and deletion, or even physical capture and sensor replacement. Hence security becomes important issue in WSNs. However given the fact that sensors are resources constrained, hence the traditional intensive security algorithms are not well suited for WSNs. This makes traditional security techniques, based on data encryption, not very suitable for WSNs. This paper proposes Linear Kolmogorov watermarking technique for secure data communication in WSNs. We provide a security analysis to show the robustness of the proposed techniques against various types of attacks. This technique is robust against data deletion, packet replication and Sybil attack

An Invisible Logo Watermarking Using Arnold Transform

AbstractDigital watermarking is the process of hiding information into the digital content. The method of embedding a smaller logo image into the host image is called logo watermarking. The system proposes an invisible and secure watermarking. The key entered initially determine the location of embedding and thus classified the host image to white and black textured regions. The logo image is then transformed using Arnold transform. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) technique is employed for embedding the transformed logo into the white textured regions. Watermark extraction is done by entering the same key which was already entered during embedding. The system is secure and the logo is imperceptible within the host image. Finally for analysis, PSNR value has been used as a metric for determining the quality of the recovered image