Driving into the sunset: Supporting cognitive functioning in older drivers

Copyright @ 2011 Mark S. Young and David Bunce - This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.The rise in the aging driver population presents society with a significant challenge-how to maintain safety and mobility on the roads. On the one hand, older drivers pose a higher risk of an at-fault accident on a mile-for-mile basis; on the other hand, independent mobility is a significant marker of quality of life in aging. In this paper, we review the respective literatures on cognitive neuropsychology and ergonomics to suggest a previously unexplored synergy between these two fields. We argue that this conceptual overlap can form the basis for future solutions to what has been called "the older driver problem." Such solutions could be found in a range of emerging driver assistance technologies offered by vehicle manufacturers, which have the potential to compensate for the specific cognitive decrements associated with aging that are related to driving.Support was received from the Leverhulme Trust, UK

Older drivers' requirements for navigation and route guidance information

This thesis examines older drivers and navigation. Over more recent times the proportion of older people in the UK population has risen. This effect is carrying over into the driving population. Due to changing demographics, increased longevity and the increased universality of driving there will be many more older drivers than before. Older drivers find the navigation task of finding their way on unfamiliar routes very demanding due to declines in sensory and cognitive abilities. New technology such as route guidance systems could aid the older driver in this task, by reducing uncertainty when meeting decision points on the road network. However such systems can also cause distraction. This has led to concern over the safety implications of the implementation of route guidance systems into cars. If route guidance systems are to be designed safely then the characteristics and needs of the driver have to be identified. The aim of this thesis was to provide human factors knowledge in this area so that route guidance systems can be designed to meet the needs of older drivers. [Continues.

Driver hand positions on the steering wheel while merging into motorway traffic

It has been suggested that a driver's hand position on the steering wheel can reflect the perceived risk of the road context (Walton, D., & Thomas, J. A. (2005). Naturalistic observations of driver hand positions. Transportation Research Part F, 8. 229-238, Thomas, J. A., & Walton, D. (2007). Measuring perceived risk: Self-reported and actual hand positions of SUV and car drivers. Transportation Research Part F, 10, 201-207). These original studies were based on field observations where only a part of the steering wheel could be viewed. In the present study hand positions were observed in a driving simulator during the performance of a demanding task: merging into motorway traffic. In the current study the whole steering wheel could be observed and hand positions were classified in three categories: high control, medium control, and low control. Differences in hand position between different traffic conditions were limited, and hand position did not correlate with self-reported risk or self-reported mental effort, but changes in hand positions do seem to be associated with changes in workload demand. It is therefore concluded that hand position can give some information about mental workload. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Exploring the relationship between perceptual-cognitive function and driver safety : prediction and transfer

La conduite automobile continue d'être le mode de transport dominant dans le monde et le nombre de véhicules sur la route ne devrait qu’augmenter au cours des prochaines décennies. Dans un même temps, l'évolution démographique qui se produit actuellement dans le monde industrialisé implique que la proportion de conducteurs âgés sur la route devrait augmenter considérablement. L'âge s'accompagne de changements de grande envergure dans les systèmes physiques, sensoriels et cognitifs, entraînant des changements fonctionnels qui peuvent être subtils ou profonds. Nous commençons seulement à comprendre comment la variabilité normale et pathologique de ces mesures fonctionnelles affecte les performances de conduite et la sécurité. Le développement d'un outil fiable et fondé sur des données probantes pour distinguer les conducteurs prudents des conducteurs dangereux continue d'être une préoccupation majeure pour les chercheurs en gérontologie, en accidentologie et en clinique. L'accumulation de preuves suggère maintenant qu'il existe un lien important entre des capacités cognitives spécifiques telles que la vitesse de traitement de l’information et l'attention, et les performances de conduite. Continuer à explorer cette relation pour peut-être un jour développer un tel outil est une entreprise importante. Une autre implication de la relation entre les capacités cognitives et les performances de conduite est que les interventions conçues pour les améliorer ou les maintenir pourraient éventuellement améliorer ou maintenir la sécurité et le confort de conduite des individus à court et à long terme. L'objectif de cette thèse est triple. Premièrement, il développe et valide une nouvelle méthodologie pour évaluer les performances de conduite des jeunes adultes et des adultes plus âgés à l'aide de scénarios de simulation de conduite personnalisés. Deuxièmement, elle pousse l'état de nos connaissances sur la façon dont les capacités cognitives sont liées à la performance de conduite en démontrant que la performance sur un test intégratif d'attention dynamique et de vitesse de traitement - c'est-à-dire le suivi d'objets multiples en 3D (3D-MOT) - prédit les performances des conducteurs de différents groupes d'âge. Enfin, elle offre des preuves suggérant que la formation 3D-MOT améliore réellement la fonction attentionnelle et la vitesse de traitement en transférant la performance sur un test indépendant de ces capacités et, finalement, que cette amélioration pourrait se traduire par une amélioration des performances de conduite.Driving continues to be the world’s dominant form of transportation and the number of vehicles on the road is only projected to increase in the coming decades. At the same time, the demographic shift currently occurring in the industrialized world implies that the proportion of older adult drivers on the road is set to increase substantially. With age comes wide-ranging changes in physical, sensory and cognitive systems resulting in functional changes that can be subtle or profound. We are only beginning to understand how both normal and pathological variability in these functional measures affect driving performance and safety. Developing a reliable, evidence-based tool to distinguish safe from unsafe drivers continues to be a major preoccupation for gerontology, accidentology, and clinical researchers alike. Accumulating evidence now suggests that there is an important link between specific cognitive abilities such as speed-of-processing, attention, and driving performance. Continuing to explore this relationship in order to perhaps one day develop such a tool is an important endeavour. Another implication of the relationship between cognitive abilities and driving performance is that interventions designed to improve or sustain these might conceivably enhance or maintain individuals’ driving safety and comfort in the short- and long-term. The purpose of this thesis is threefold. First, it develops and validates a novel methodology for assessing both young adult and older adult driving performance using custom driving simulator scenarios. Second, it pushes the state of our knowledge of how cognitive abilities relate to driving performance by demonstrating that performance on an integrative test of dynamic attention and speed-of-processing—i.e., 3-dimensional multiple object tracking (3D-MOT)— predicts how drivers of different age groups perform. Finally, it offers evidence to suggest that training 3D-MOT actually enhances attentional function and speed-of-processing by transferring to performance on an unrelated test of these abilities and, ultimately, that this improvement might translate to improved driving performance