56 research outputs found
Dynamical anchoring of distant Arrhythmia Sources by Fibrotic Regions via Restructuring of the Activation Pattern
Rotors are functional reentry sources identified in clinically relevant
cardiac arrhythmias, such as ventricular and atrial fibrillation. Ablation
targeting rotor sites has resulted in arrhythmia termination. Recent clinical,
experimental and modelling studies demonstrate that rotors are often anchored
around fibrotic scars or regions with increased fibrosis. However the
mechanisms leading to abundance of rotors at these locations are not clear. The
current study explores the hypothesis whether fibrotic scars just serve as
anchoring sites for the rotors or whether there are other active processes
which drive the rotors to these fibrotic regions. Rotors were induced at
different distances from fibrotic scars of various sizes and degree of
fibrosis. Simulations were performed in a 2D model of human ventricular tissue
and in a patient-specific model of the left ventricle of a patient with remote
myocardial infarction. In both the 2D and the patient-specific model we found
that without fibrotic scars, the rotors were stable at the site of their
initiation. However, in the presence of a scar, rotors were eventually
dynamically anchored from large distances by the fibrotic scar via a process of
dynamical reorganization of the excitation pattern. This process coalesces with
a change from polymorphic to monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure
Nonlinear physics of electrical wave propagation in the heart: a review
The beating of the heart is a synchronized contraction of muscle cells
(myocytes) that are triggered by a periodic sequence of electrical waves (action
potentials) originating in the sino-atrial node and propagating over the atria and
the ventricles. Cardiac arrhythmias like atrial and ventricular fibrillation (AF,VF)
or ventricular tachycardia (VT) are caused by disruptions and instabilities of these
electrical excitations, that lead to the emergence of rotating waves (VT) and turbulent
wave patterns (AF,VF). Numerous simulation and experimental studies during the
last 20 years have addressed these topics. In this review we focus on the nonlinear
dynamics of wave propagation in the heart with an emphasis on the theory of pulses,
spirals and scroll waves and their instabilities in excitable media and their application
to cardiac modeling. After an introduction into electrophysiological models for action
potential propagation, the modeling and analysis of spatiotemporal alternans, spiral
and scroll meandering, spiral breakup and scroll wave instabilities like negative line
tension and sproing are reviewed in depth and discussed with emphasis on their impact
in cardiac arrhythmias.Peer ReviewedPreprin
Multiple mechanisms of spiral wave breakup in a model of cardiac electrical activity
It has become widely accepted that the most dangerous cardiac arrhythmias are
due to re- entrant waves, i.e., electrical wave(s) that re-circulate repeatedly
throughout the tissue at a higher frequency than the waves produced by the
heart's natural pacemaker (sinoatrial node). However, the complicated structure
of cardiac tissue, as well as the complex ionic currents in the cell, has made
it extremely difficult to pinpoint the detailed mechanisms of these
life-threatening reentrant arrhythmias. A simplified ionic model of the cardiac
action potential (AP), which can be fitted to a wide variety of experimentally
and numerically obtained mesoscopic characteristics of cardiac tissue such as
AP shape and restitution of AP duration and conduction velocity, is used to
explain many different mechanisms of spiral wave breakup which in principle can
occur in cardiac tissue. Some, but not all, of these mechanisms have been
observed before using other models; therefore, the purpose of this paper is to
demonstrate them using just one framework model and to explain the different
parameter regimes or physiological properties necessary for each mechanism
(such as high or low excitability, corresponding to normal or ischemic tissue,
spiral tip trajectory types, and tissue structures such as rotational
anisotropy and periodic boundary conditions). Each mechanism is compared with
data from other ionic models or experiments to illustrate that they are not
model-specific phenomena. The fact that many different breakup mechanisms exist
has important implications for antiarrhythmic drug design and for comparisons
of fibrillation experiments using different species, electromechanical
uncoupling drugs, and initiation protocols.Comment: 128 pages, 42 figures (29 color, 13 b&w
Modeling and simulation of the electric activity of the heart using graphic processing units
Mathematical modelling and simulation of the electric activity of the heart (cardiac electrophysiology) offers and ideal framework to combine clinical and experimental data in order to help understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the observed respond under physiological and pathological conditions. In this regard, solving the electric activity of the heart possess a big challenge, not only because of the structural complexities inherent to the heart tissue, but also because of the complex electric behaviour of the cardiac cells. The multi- scale nature of the electrophysiology problem makes difficult its numerical solution, requiring temporal and spatial resolutions of 0.1 ms and 0.2 mm respectively for accurate simulations, leading to models with millions degrees of freedom that need to be solved for thousand time steps. Solution of this problem requires the use of algorithms with higher level of parallelism in multi-core platforms. In this regard the newer programmable graphic processing units (GPU) has become a valid alternative due to their tremendous computational horsepower. This thesis develops around the implementation of an electrophysiology simulation software entirely developed in Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) for GPU computing. The software implements fully explicit and semi-implicit solvers for the monodomain model, using operator splitting and the finite element method for space discretization. Performance is compared with classical multi-core MPI based solvers operating on dedicated high-performance computer clusters. Results obtained with the GPU based solver show enormous potential for this technology with accelerations over 50Ă for three-dimensional problems when using an implicit scheme for the parabolic equation, whereas accelerations reach values up to 100Ă for the explicit implementation. The implemented solver has been applied to study pro-arrhythmic mechanisms during acute ischemia. In particular, we investigate on how hyperkalemia affects the vulnerability window to reentry and the reentry patterns in the heterogeneous substrate caused by acute regional ischemia using an anatomically and biophysically detailed human biventricular model. A three dimensional geometrically and anatomically accurate regionally ischemic human heart model was created. The ischemic region was located in the inferolateral and posterior side of the left ventricle mimicking the occlusion of the circumflex artery, and the presence of a washed-out zone not affected by ischemia at the endocardium has been incorporated. Realistic heterogeneity and fi er anisotropy has also been considered in the model. A highly electrophysiological detailed action potential model for human has been adapted to make it suitable for modeling ischemic conditions (hyperkalemia, hipoxia, and acidic conditions) by introducing a formulation of the ATP-sensitive K+ current. The model predicts the generation of sustained re-entrant activity in the form single and double circus around a blocked area within the ischemic zone for K+ concentrations bellow 9mM, with the reentrant activity associated with ventricular tachycardia in all cases. Results suggest the washed-out zone as a potential pro-arrhythmic substrate factor helping on establishing sustained ventricular tachycardia.Colli-Franzone P, Pavarino L. A parallel solver for reaction-diffusion systems in computational electrocardiology, Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci. 14 (06):883-911, 2004.Colli-Franzone P, Deu hard P, Erdmann B, Lang J, Pavarino L F. Adaptivity in space and time for reaction-diffusion systems in electrocardiology, SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 28 (3):942-962, 2006.Ferrero J M(Jr), Saiz J, Ferrero J M, Thakor N V. Simulation of action potentials from metabolically impaired cardiac myocytes: Role of atp-sensitive K+ current. Circ Res, 79(2):208-221, 1996.Ferrero J M (Jr), Trenor B. Rodriguez B, Saiz J. Electrical acticvity and reentry during acute regional myocardial ischemia: Insights from simulations.Int J Bif Chaos, 13:3703-3715, 2003.Heidenreich E, Ferrero J M, Doblare M, Rodriguez J F. Adaptive macro finite elements for the numerical solution of monodomain equations in cardiac electrophysiology, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 38 (7):2331-2345, 2010.Janse M J, Kleber A G. Electrophysiological changes and ventricular arrhythmias in the early phase of regional myocardial ischemia. Circ. Res. 49:1069-1081, 1981.ten Tusscher K HWJ, Panlov A V. Alternans and spiral breakup in a human ventricular tissue model. Am. J.Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 291(3):1088-1100, 2006.<br /
Modélisation d'arythmies auriculaires modulées par le systÚme nerveux autonome
La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est la forme dâarythmie la plus frĂ©quente et reprĂ©sente environ un tiers des hospitalisations attribuables aux troubles du rythme cardiaque. Les mĂ©canismes dâinitiation et de maintenance de la FA sont complexes et multiples. Parmi ceux-ci, une contribution du systĂšme nerveux autonome a Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©e mais son rĂŽle exact demeure mal compris. Ce travail cible lâĂ©tude de la modulation induite par lâacĂ©tylcholine (ACh) sur lâinitiation et le maintien de la FA, en utilisant un modĂšle de tissu bidimensionnel. La propagation de lâinflux Ă©lectrique sur ce tissu est dĂ©crite par une Ă©quation rĂ©action-diffusion non-linĂ©aire rĂ©solue sur un maillage rectangulaire avec une mĂ©thode de diffĂ©rences finies, et la cinĂ©tique d'ACh suit une Ă©volution temporelle prĂ©dĂ©finie qui correspond Ă lâactivation du systĂšme parasympathique. Plus de 4400 simulations ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es sur la base de 4 Ă©pisodes dâarythmies, 5 tailles diffĂ©rentes de rĂ©gion modulĂ©e par lâACh, 10 concentrations dâACh et 22 constantes de temps de libĂ©ration et de dĂ©gradation dâACh. La complexitĂ© de la dynamique des rĂ©entrĂ©es est dĂ©crite en fonction de la constante de temps qui reprĂ©sente le taux de variation dâACh. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus suggĂšrent que la stimulation vagale peut mener soit Ă une dynamique plus complexe des rĂ©entrĂ©es soit Ă lâarrĂȘt de la FA en fonction des quatre paramĂštres Ă©tudiĂ©s. Ils dĂ©montrent quâune dĂ©charge vagale rapide, reprĂ©sentĂ©e par des constantes de temps faibles combinĂ©es Ă une quantitĂ© suffisamment grande dâACh, a une forte probabilitĂ© de briser la rĂ©entrĂ©e primaire provoquant une activitĂ© fibrillatoire. Cette activitĂ© est caractĂ©risĂ©e par la crĂ©ation de plusieurs ondelettes Ă partir dâun rotor primaire sous lâeffet de lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du gradient de repolarisation causĂ© par lâactivitĂ© autonomique.Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmia and accounts for about one-third of hospitalizations for cardiac rhythm disturbances. The mechanisms of initiation and maintenance of atrial fibrillation are complex and multifaceted. Among them, a contribution of the autonomic nervous system has been identified but its exact role remains poorly understood. This work targets the study of the effect of autonomic modulation induced by acetylcholine (ACh) on the initiation and maintenance of AF, using a two-dimensional tissue model. Electrical impulse propagation in the tissue was described by as a non-linear reaction-diffusion equation solved on a rectangular mesh with finite difference methods, and ACh kinetics followed a predefined time evolution corresponding to parasympathetic activation. More than 4400 simulations were performed based on 4 fibrillatory initial conditions, 5 sizes of ACh patch, 10 ACh concentrations and 22 time constants representing ACh release and degradation speed. Our results suggest that vagal stimulation can sustain or terminate AF depending on the 4 parameters studied. Results demonstrate that rapid vagal discharge, represented by low time constants combined with sufficient quantities of ACh, has a high probability of breaking the primary reentry and causing fibrillatory activity. This activity is characterized by the generation of several wavelets from a primary rotor under the heterogeneity of repolarization gradient due to autonomic modulation
Mapping and Ablation of Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation
Idiopathic ventricular fibrillation (IVF) is the main cause of unexplained sudden cardiac death, particularly in young patients under the age of 35. IVF is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients who have survived a VF episode without any identifiable structural or metabolic causes despite extensive diagnostic testing. Genetic testing allows identification of a likely causative mutation in up to 27% of unexplained sudden deaths in children and young adults. In the majority of cases, VF is triggered by PVCs that originate from the Purkinje network. Ablation of VF triggers in this setting is associated with high rates of acute success and long-term freedom from VF recurrence. Recent studies demonstrate that a significant subset of IVF defined by negative comprehensive investigations, demonstrate in fact subclinical structural alterations. These localized myocardial alterations are identified by high density electrogram mapping, are of small size and are mainly located in the epicardium. As reentrant VF drivers are often colocated with regions of abnormal electrograms, this localized substrate can be shown to be mechanistically linked with VF. Such areas may represent an important target for ablation
Tissue engineering of the human atrium : approaching mechanisms of genesis and control of atrial fibrillation
Cardiovascular disease is prevalent across the western world and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, accounting for approximately a third of all fatalities. Investigating the heart by simulating its electrophysiology via the aid of mathematical models has advanced significantly over the past 60 years and is now a well established field. While much of the research focus is placed on the ventricles, the study of the atria is in comparison neglected. Therefore this Thesis is focused on the genesis and maintenance of atrial fibrillation (AF). A series of case studies are performed whereby established biophysically detailed mathematical models are implemented and modified to incorporate electrophysical alterations of atrial cells resulting from a variety of external conditions. The opening section of this Thesis is dedicated to developing a background to the field, including a discussion into the clinical aspect of the diagnosis and management of AF. The suitability of two atrial cell models is discussed and the development of single cell, 1D, 2D, and 3D multi-scale simulation protocols are described in detail. In addition measurements taken to quantify the arrhythmogenic properties of the cells susceptibility to AF are outlined. The second section is focused on the incorporation of conditions thought to enhance atrial tissues ability to initiate and maintain the genesis of AF. Included is a case study into the missence S140G gene mutation, and elevated physiological levels of the hormone Homocystein. The third section investigates the effectiveness of well established and widely used pharmacological treatments such as Beta-Blockers. In addition possible avenues of investigations for the development of atrial specific drugs are explored. These include blocking of the ultra rapid potassium channel and a more novel target for therapy via the targeting of 5HT4 receptors; which is transcribed solely in the atria and alters the electrophysical properties of the L-type Calcium current. The final part of this Thesis is dedicated to the development of a 2D atrial sheet model which includes electrical and spatial heterogeneities via the inclusion of multiple cell types and basic fiber orientation respectively. This allows for an investigation into the role that heterogeneities play in role genesis and maintenance of AF. The main finding of this Thesis is that alterations to the electrophysiology of atrial cells, due to external factors, can be successfully simulated via the implementation of mathematically detailed atrial cell models. It is concluded that simulations of the KENQ1 mutation and elevated levels of Homocystein successfully reproduce conditions which increase the onset of AF. Established treatments such as Beta-Blockers are found to have limited effectiveness. Possible theoretical treatments, such as the blocking of IKur, are found to provide a small amount of therapeutic benefit. In contrast, investigations into the effects of Serotonin were inconclusive. The study into the 2D atria indicated the importance that heterogeneities play in atria. The conclusions show that models provide a powerful tool when investigating how changes to electrophysiology of cells are manifested at a multi-scale level. The models also have their limitations and require further advancement to improve their accuracy.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceEPSRCGBUnited Kingdo
Simulating the Effect of Global Cardiac Ischaemia on the Dynamics of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Human Heart
Cardiac arrhythmias are significant causes of death in the world, and ventricular fibrillation is a very dangerous type of cardiac arrhythmia. Global myocardial ischemia is a consequence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and has been shown to change the dynamic behaviour of activation waves on the heart.
The aim of this thesis is to use computational models to study the behaviour of re-entry in the human ventricles when the heart becomes globally ischaemic. The effects of two ischaemic components (hyperkalaemia and hypoxia) on spiral wave re-entry behaviour in two dimensional (2D) ventricular tissue using two ventricular action potential (AP) models were simulated (Ten Tusscher et al. 2006 (TP06) and OâHara et al. 2011 (ORd)). A three dimensional (3D) model of the human ventricles is used to examine the influence of each ischaemic component on the stability of ventricular fibrillation. Firstly, the main ventricular AP models relevant to this thesis are reviewed. Then, the current-voltage properties of four different IK(ATP) formulations are examined to assess which formulation was more appropriate to simulate hypoxia/ischaemia. Secondly, how the formulation of IK(ATP) influences cell excitability and AP duration (APD) in models of human ventricular myocytes is studied. Finally, mechanisms underlying ventricular arrhythmia generation under the conditions of ischaemia are investigated
The contact electrogram and its architectural determinants in atrial fibrillation
The electrogram is the sine qua non of excitable tissues, yet classification in atrial fibrillation (AF) remains poorly related to substrate factors. The objective of this thesis was to establish the relationship between electrograms and two commonly implicated substrate factors, connexin 43 and fibrosis in AF. The substrates and methods chosen to achieve this ranged from human acutely induced AF using open chest surgical mapping (Chapter 6), ex vivo whole heart Langendorff (Chapter 7) with in vivo telemetry confirming spontaneous AF in a new species of rat, the Brown Norway and finally isolated atrial preparations from an older cohort of rats using orthogonal pacing and novel co-localisation methods at sub-millimetre resolution and in some atria, optical mapping (Chapter 8). In rodents, electrode size and spacing was varied (Chapters 5, 10) to study its effects on structure function correlations (Chapter 9). Novel indices of AF organisation and automated electrogram morphology were used to quantify function (Chapter 4). Key results include the discoveries that humans without any history of prior AF have sinus rhythm electrograms with high spectral frequency content, that wavefront propagation velocities correlated with fibrosis and connexin phosphorylation ratios, that AF heterogeneity of conduction correlates to fibrosis and that orthogonal pacing in heavily fibrosed atria causes anisotropy in electrogram-fibrosis correlations. Furthermore, fibrosis and connexin 43 have differing and distinct spatial resolutions in their relationship with AF organisational indices. In conclusion a new model of AF has been found, and structure function correlations shown on an unprecedented scale, but with caveats of electrode size and direction dependence. These findings impact structure function methods and prove the effect of substrate on AF organisation.Open Acces
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