351,441 research outputs found
Processing speed, executive function, and age differences in remembering and knowing.
A group of young (n = 52, M = 23.27 years) and old (n = 52, M = 68.62 years) adults studied two lists of semantically unrelated nouns. For one list a time of 2 s was allowed for encoding, and for the other, 5 s. A recognition test followed where participants classified their responses according to Gardiner's (1988) remember-know procedure. Age differences for remembering and knowing were minimal in the faster 2-s encoding condition. However, in the longer 5-s encoding condition, younger persons produced significantly more remember responses, and older adults a greater number of know responses. This dissociation suggests that in the longer encoding condition, younger adults utilized a greater level of elaborative rehearsal governed by executive processes, whereas older persons employed maintenance rehearsal involving short-term memory. Statistical control procedures, however, found that independent measures of processing speed accounted for age differences in remembering and knowing and that independent measures of executive control had little influence. The findings are discussed in the light of contrasting theoretical accounts of recollective experience in old age
Construction of the Optimal Control Strategy for an Electric-Powered Train
PĹedloĹženĂĄ disertaÄnĂ prĂĄce se zabĂ˝vĂĄ popisem charakteru optimĂĄlnĂ strategie ĹĂzenĂ pro elektrickĂ˝ vlak a vĂ˝poÄtem pĹepĂnacĂch okamĹžikĹŻ mezi jednotlivĂ˝mi optimĂĄlnĂmi jĂzdnĂmi reĹžimy pro standardnĂ typy odporovĂŠ funkce. S vyuĹžitĂm Pontrjaginova principu a souvisejĂcĂch nĂĄstrojĹŻ teorie optimĂĄlnĂho ĹĂzenĂ odvodĂme optimĂĄlnĂ strategii ĹĂzenĂ a rovnice pro vĂ˝poÄet pĹepĂnacĂch okamĹžikĹŻ vÄetnÄ odpovĂdajĂcĂch rychlostnĂch profilĹŻ. KromÄ zĂĄkladnĂho tvaru Ăşlohy o energeticky optimĂĄlnĂ jĂzdÄ vlaku budeme uvaĹžovat i jejĂ modifikace zahrnujĂcĂ globĂĄlnĂ rychlostnĂ omezenĂ, sklon trati i ÄasovÄ-energeticky optimĂĄlnĂ ĹĂzenĂ vlaku. NavĂc uvedeme i analĂ˝zu ĹeĹĄenĂ s vyuĹžitĂm teorie nelineĂĄrnĂ parametrickĂŠ optimalizace. DĹŻraz je kladen na exaktnĂ tvar ĹeĹĄenĂ s minimĂĄlnĂm vyuĹžitĂm numerickĂ˝ch metod.This thesis deals with the description of the nature of optimal driving strategy for an electric-powered train as well as the calculation of switching times of optimal driving regimes for standard types of resistance function. We apply the Pontryagin principle and related tools of optimal control theory to develop the optimal driving strategy and to derive equations for computation of switching times and the corresponding speed profiles. Besides the basic form of the energy efficient train control problem we consider also its modifications including the global speed constraint, track gradient as well as time-energy efficient train control. Moreover, we analyse also the solution with use of the theory of nonlinear parametric programming. The emphasize is put on exact forms of solutions with a minimal use of numerical methods.
The Physics of Timelessness
The nature of time is yet to be fully grasped and finally agreed upon among physicists, philosophers, psychologists and scholars from various disciplines. Present paper takes clue from the known assumptions of time as - movement, change, becoming - and the nature of time will be thoroughly discussed.
The real and unreal existences of time will be pointed out and presented. The complex number notation of nature of time will be put forward. Natural scientific systems and various cosmic processes will be identified as constructing physical form of time and the physical existence of time will be designed.
The finite and infinite forms of physical time and classical, quantum and cosmic times will be delineated and their mathematical constructions and loci will be narrated.
Thus the physics behind time-construction, time creation and time-measurement will be given.
Based on these developments the physics of Timelessness will be developed and presented
Social influences on drivers in China
China is one of Asiaâs many rapidly-motorising nations and recent increases in private-vehicle ownership have been coupled with an escalation in novice drivers. Several pieces of road safety legislation have been introduced in recent decades in China. While managing the legal aspects of road use is important, social influences on driver behaviour may offer alternative avenues to alter behaviour, particularly in a culture where such factors carry high importance. This paper reports qualitative research with Beijing drivers to investigate social influence factors that have, to date, received little attention in the literature. Findings indicated that family members, friends, and driving instructors appear influential on driver behaviour and that some newly licensed drivers seek additional assistance to facilitate the transition from learning to drive in a controlled environment to driving on the road in complex conditions. Strategies to avoid detection and penalties for inappropriate road use were described, many of which involved the use of a third person. These findings indicate potential barriers to implementing effective traffic enforcement and highlight the importance of understanding culturally-specific social factors relating to driver behaviour
A collaborative platform for integrating and optimising Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis requests
A Virtual Integration Platform (VIP) is described which provides support for the integration of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis tools into an environment that supports the use of these tools in a distributed collaborative manner. The VIP has evolved through previous EU research conducted within the VRShips-ROPAX 2000 (VRShips) project and the current version discussed here was developed predominantly within the VIRTUE project but also within the SAFEDOR project. The VIP is described with respect to the support it provides to designers and analysts in coordinating and optimising CFD analysis requests. Two case studies are provided that illustrate the application of the VIP within HSVA: the use of a panel code for the evaluation of geometry variations in order to improve propeller efficiency; and, the use of a dedicated maritime RANS code (FreSCo) to improve the wake distribution for the VIRTUE tanker. A discussion is included detailing the background, application and results from the use of the VIP within these two case studies as well as how the platform was of benefit during the development and a consideration of how it can benefit HSVA in the future
Synergies between processing and memory in children's reading span.
Previous research has established the relevance of working memory for cognitive development. Yet the factors responsible for shaping performance in the complex span tasks used to assess working memory capacity are not fully understood. We report a study of reading span in 7- to 11-year old children that addresses several contemporary theoretical issues. We demonstrate that both the timing and the accuracy of recall are affected by the presence or absence of a semantic connection between the processing requirement and the memoranda. Evidence that there can be synergies between processing and memory argues against the view that complex span simply measures the competition between these activities. We also demonstrate a consistent relationship between the rate of completing processing operations (sentence reading) and recall accuracy. At the same time, the shape and strength of this function varies with the task configuration. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for reconstructive influences to shape working memory performance among children
Knowledge discovery for friction stir welding via data driven approaches: Part 2 â multiobjective modelling using fuzzy rule based systems
In this final part of this extensive study, a new systematic data-driven fuzzy modelling approach has been developed, taking into account both the modelling accuracy and its interpretability (transparency) as attributes. For the first time, a data-driven modelling framework has been proposed designed and implemented in order to model the intricate FSW behaviours relating to AA5083 aluminium alloy, consisting of the grain size, mechanical properties, as well as internal process properties. As a result, âPareto-optimalâ predictive models have been successfully elicited which, through validations on real data for the aluminium alloy AA5083, have been shown to be accurate, transparent and generic despite the conservative number of data points used for model training and testing. Compared with analytically based methods, the proposed data-driven modelling approach provides a more effective way to construct prediction models for FSW when there is an apparent lack of fundamental process knowledge
Towards a multidisciplinary user-centric design framework for context-aware applications
The primary aim of this article is to review and merge theories of context within linguistics, computer science, and psychology, to propose a multidisciplinary model of context that would facilitate application developers in developing richer descriptions or scenarios of how a context-aware device may be used in various dynamic mobile settings. More specifically, the aim is to:1. Investigate different viewpoints of context within linguistics, computer science, and psychology, to develop summary condensed models for each discipline. 2. Investigate the impact of contrasting viewpoints on the usability of context-aware applications. 3. Investigate the extent to which single-discipline models can be merged and the benefits and insightfulness of a merged model for designing mobile computers. 4. Investigate the extent to which a proposed multidisciplinary modelcan be applied to specific applications of context-aware computing
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