902 research outputs found

    REITERATIVE MINIMUM MEAN SQUARE ERROR ESTIMATOR FOR DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION AND BIOMEDICAL FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING

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    Two novel approaches are developed for direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation and functional brain imaging estimation, which are denoted as ReIterative Super-Resolution (RISR) and Source AFFine Image REconstruction (SAFFIRE), respectively. Both recursive approaches are based on a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) framework. The RISR estimator recursively determines an optimal filter bank by updating an estimate of the spatial power distribution at each successive stage. Unlike previous non-parametric covariance-based approaches, which require numerous time snapshots of data, RISR is a parametric approach thus enabling operation on as few as one time snapshot, thereby yielding very high temporal resolution and robustness to the deleterious effects of temporal correlation. RISR has been found to resolve distinct spatial sources several times better than that afforded by the nominal array resolution even under conditions of temporally correlated sources and spatially colored noise. The SAFFIRE algorithm localizes the underlying neural activity in the brain based on the response of a patient under sensory stimuli, such as an auditory tone. The estimator processes electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) data simulated for sensors outside the patient's head in a recursive manner converging closer to the true solution at each consecutive stage. The algorithm requires a minimal number of time samples to localize active neural sources, thereby enabling the observation of the neural activity as it progresses over time. SAFFIRE has been applied to simulated MEG data and has shown to achieve unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. The estimation approach has also demonstrated the capability to precisely isolate the primary and secondary auditory cortex responses, a challenging problem in the brain MEG imaging community

    Interpretable Hyperspectral AI: When Non-Convex Modeling meets Hyperspectral Remote Sensing

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    Hyperspectral imaging, also known as image spectrometry, is a landmark technique in geoscience and remote sensing (RS). In the past decade, enormous efforts have been made to process and analyze these hyperspectral (HS) products mainly by means of seasoned experts. However, with the ever-growing volume of data, the bulk of costs in manpower and material resources poses new challenges on reducing the burden of manual labor and improving efficiency. For this reason, it is, therefore, urgent to develop more intelligent and automatic approaches for various HS RS applications. Machine learning (ML) tools with convex optimization have successfully undertaken the tasks of numerous artificial intelligence (AI)-related applications. However, their ability in handling complex practical problems remains limited, particularly for HS data, due to the effects of various spectral variabilities in the process of HS imaging and the complexity and redundancy of higher dimensional HS signals. Compared to the convex models, non-convex modeling, which is capable of characterizing more complex real scenes and providing the model interpretability technically and theoretically, has been proven to be a feasible solution to reduce the gap between challenging HS vision tasks and currently advanced intelligent data processing models

    Smartphone-based human activity recognition

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    Cotutela Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya i Università degli Studi di GenovaHuman Activity Recognition (HAR) is a multidisciplinary research field that aims to gather data regarding people's behavior and their interaction with the environment in order to deliver valuable context-aware information. It has nowadays contributed to develop human-centered areas of study such as Ambient Intelligence and Ambient Assisted Living, which concentrate on the improvement of people's Quality of Life. The first stage to accomplish HAR requires to make observations from ambient or wearable sensor technologies. However, in the second case, the search for pervasive, unobtrusive, low-powered, and low-cost devices for achieving this challenging task still has not been fully addressed. In this thesis, we explore the use of smartphones as an alternative approach for performing the identification of physical activities. These self-contained devices, which are widely available in the market, are provided with embedded sensors, powerful computing capabilities and wireless communication technologies that make them highly suitable for this application. This work presents a series of contributions regarding the development of HAR systems with smartphones. In the first place we propose a fully operational system that recognizes in real-time six physical activities while also takes into account the effects of postural transitions that may occur between them. For achieving this, we cover some research topics from signal processing and feature selection of inertial data, to Machine Learning approaches for classification. We employ two sensors (the accelerometer and the gyroscope) for collecting inertial data. Their raw signals are the input of the system and are conditioned through filtering in order to reduce noise and allow the extraction of informative activity features. We also emphasize on the study of Support Vector Machines (SVMs), which are one of the state-of-the-art Machine Learning techniques for classification, and reformulate various of the standard multiclass linear and non-linear methods to find the best trade off between recognition performance, computational costs and energy requirements, which are essential aspects in battery-operated devices such as smartphones. In particular, we propose two multiclass SVMs for activity classification:one linear algorithm which allows to control over dimensionality reduction and system accuracy; and also a non-linear hardware-friendly algorithm that only uses fixed-point arithmetic in the prediction phase and enables a model complexity reduction while maintaining the system performance. The efficiency of the proposed system is verified through extensive experimentation over a HAR dataset which we have generated and made publicly available. It is composed of inertial data collected from a group of 30 participants which performed a set of common daily activities while carrying a smartphone as a wearable device. The results achieved in this research show that it is possible to perform HAR in real-time with a precision near 97\% with smartphones. In this way, we can employ the proposed methodology in several higher-level applications that require HAR such as ambulatory monitoring of the disabled and the elderly during periods above five days without the need of a battery recharge. Moreover, the proposed algorithms can be adapted to other commercial wearable devices recently introduced in the market (e.g. smartwatches, phablets, and glasses). This will open up new opportunities for developing practical and innovative HAR applications.El Reconocimiento de Actividades Humanas (RAH) es un campo de investigación multidisciplinario que busca recopilar información sobre el comportamiento de las personas y su interacción con el entorno con el propósito de ofrecer información contextual de alta significancia sobre las acciones que ellas realizan. Recientemente, el RAH ha contribuido en el desarrollo de áreas de estudio enfocadas a la mejora de la calidad de vida del hombre tales como: la inteligència ambiental (Ambient Intelligence) y la vida cotidiana asistida por el entorno para personas dependientes (Ambient Assisted Living). El primer paso para conseguir el RAH consiste en realizar observaciones mediante el uso de sensores fijos localizados en el ambiente, o bien portátiles incorporados de forma vestible en el cuerpo humano. Sin embargo, para el segundo caso, aún se dificulta encontrar dispositivos poco invasivos, de bajo consumo energético, que permitan ser llevados a cualquier lugar, y de bajo costo. En esta tesis, nosotros exploramos el uso de teléfonos móviles inteligentes (Smartphones) como una alternativa para el RAH. Estos dispositivos, de uso cotidiano y fácilmente asequibles en el mercado, están dotados de sensores embebidos, potentes capacidades de cómputo y diversas tecnologías de comunicación inalámbrica que los hacen apropiados para esta aplicación. Nuestro trabajo presenta una serie de contribuciones en relación al desarrollo de sistemas para el RAH con Smartphones. En primera instancia proponemos un sistema que permite la detección de seis actividades físicas en tiempo real y que, además, tiene en cuenta las transiciones posturales que puedan ocurrir entre ellas. Con este fin, hemos contribuido en distintos ámbitos que van desde el procesamiento de señales y la selección de características, hasta algoritmos de Aprendizaje Automático (AA). Nosotros utilizamos dos sensores inerciales (el acelerómetro y el giroscopio) para la captura de las señales de movimiento de los usuarios. Estas han de ser procesadas a través de técnicas de filtrado para la reducción de ruido, segmentación y obtención de características relevantes en la detección de actividad. También hacemos énfasis en el estudio de Máquinas de soporte vectorial (MSV) que son uno de los algoritmos de AA más usados en la actualidad. Para ello reformulamos varios de sus métodos estándar (lineales y no lineales) con el propósito de encontrar la mejor combinación de variables que garanticen un buen desempeño del sistema en cuanto a precisión, coste computacional y requerimientos de energía, los cuales son aspectos esenciales en dispositivos portátiles con suministro de energía mediante baterías. En concreto, proponemos dos MSV multiclase para la clasificación de actividad: un algoritmo lineal que permite el balance entre la reducción de la dimensionalidad y la precisión del sistema; y asimismo presentamos un algoritmo no lineal conveniente para dispositivos con limitaciones de hardware que solo utiliza aritmética de punto fijo en la fase de predicción y que permite reducir la complejidad del modelo de aprendizaje mientras mantiene el rendimiento del sistema. La eficacia del sistema propuesto es verificada a través de una experimentación extensiva sobre la base de datos RAH que hemos generado y hecho pública en la red. Esta contiene la información inercial obtenida de un grupo de 30 participantes que realizaron una serie de actividades de la vida cotidiana en un ambiente controlado mientras tenían sujeto a su cintura un smartphone que capturaba su movimiento. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación demuestran que es posible realizar el RAH en tiempo real con una precisión cercana al 97%. De esta manera, podemos emplear la metodología propuesta en aplicaciones de alto nivel que requieran el RAH tales como monitorizaciones ambulatorias para personas dependientes (ej. ancianos o discapacitados) durante periodos mayores a cinco días sin la necesidad de recarga de baterías.Postprint (published version

    Target detection and localization using thermal camera, mmWave radar and deep learning.

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    Reliable detection, and localization of tiny unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), birds, and other aerial vehicles with small cross-sections is an ongoing challenge. The detection task becomes even more challenging in harsh weather conditions such as snow, fog, and dust. RGB camera-based sensing is widely used for some tasks, especially navigation. However, the RGB camera's performance degrades in poor lighting conditions. On the other hand, mmWave radars perform very well in harsh weather conditions also. Additionally, thermal cameras perform reliably in low lighting conditions too. The combination of these two sensors makes an excellent choice for many of these applications. In this work, a model to detect and localize UAVs is made using an integrated system of a thermal camera and mmWave radar. Data collected with the integrated sensors are used to train a model for object detection using the yolov5 algorithm. The model detects and classifies objects such as humans, cars and UAVs. The images from the thermal camera are used in combination with the trained model to localize UAVs in the cameras Field of View(FOV)

    Ubiquitous Technologies for Emotion Recognition

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    Emotions play a very important role in how we think and behave. As such, the emotions we feel every day can compel us to act and influence the decisions and plans we make about our lives. Being able to measure, analyze, and better comprehend how or why our emotions may change is thus of much relevance to understand human behavior and its consequences. Despite the great efforts made in the past in the study of human emotions, it is only now, with the advent of wearable, mobile, and ubiquitous technologies, that we can aim to sense and recognize emotions, continuously and in real time. This book brings together the latest experiences, findings, and developments regarding ubiquitous sensing, modeling, and the recognition of human emotions

    Target detection and localization using thermal camera, mmWave radar and deep learning

    Get PDF
    Reliable detection, and localization of tiny unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), birds, and other aerial vehicles with small cross-sections is an ongoing challenge. The detection task becomes even more challenging in harsh weather conditions such as snow, fog, and dust. RGB camera-based sensing is widely used for some tasks, especially navigation. However, the RGB camera's performance degrades in poor lighting conditions. On the other hand, mmWave radars perform very well in harsh weather conditions also. Additionally, thermal cameras perform reliably in low lighting conditions too. The combination of these two sensors makes an excellent choice for many of these applications. In this work, a model to detect and localize UAVs is made using an integrated system of a thermal camera and mmWave radar. Data collected with the integrated sensors are used to train a model for object detection using the yolov5 algorithm. The model detects and classifies objects such as humans, cars and UAVs. The images from the thermal camera are used in combination with the trained model to localize UAVs in the cameras Field of View(FOV)

    On the Utility of Representation Learning Algorithms for Myoelectric Interfacing

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    Electrical activity produced by muscles during voluntary movement is a reflection of the firing patterns of relevant motor neurons and, by extension, the latent motor intent driving the movement. Once transduced via electromyography (EMG) and converted into digital form, this activity can be processed to provide an estimate of the original motor intent and is as such a feasible basis for non-invasive efferent neural interfacing. EMG-based motor intent decoding has so far received the most attention in the field of upper-limb prosthetics, where alternative means of interfacing are scarce and the utility of better control apparent. Whereas myoelectric prostheses have been available since the 1960s, available EMG control interfaces still lag behind the mechanical capabilities of the artificial limbs they are intended to steer—a gap at least partially due to limitations in current methods for translating EMG into appropriate motion commands. As the relationship between EMG signals and concurrent effector kinematics is highly non-linear and apparently stochastic, finding ways to accurately extract and combine relevant information from across electrode sites is still an active area of inquiry.This dissertation comprises an introduction and eight papers that explore issues afflicting the status quo of myoelectric decoding and possible solutions, all related through their use of learning algorithms and deep Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. Paper I presents a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for multi-label movement decoding of high-density surface EMG (HD-sEMG) signals. Inspired by the successful use of CNNs in Paper I and the work of others, Paper II presents a method for automatic design of CNN architectures for use in myocontrol. Paper III introduces an ANN architecture with an appertaining training framework from which simultaneous and proportional control emerges. Paper Iv introduce a dataset of HD-sEMG signals for use with learning algorithms. Paper v applies a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) model to decode finger forces from intramuscular EMG. Paper vI introduces a Transformer model for myoelectric interfacing that do not need additional training data to function with previously unseen users. Paper vII compares the performance of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network to that of classical pattern recognition algorithms. Lastly, paper vIII describes a framework for synthesizing EMG from multi-articulate gestures intended to reduce training burden
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