A classification of prime-valent regular Cayley maps on some groups

A Cayley map is a 2-cell embedding of a Cayley graph into an orientable surface with the same local orientation induced by a cyclic permutation of generators at each vertex. In this paper, we provide classifications of prime-valent regular Cayley maps on abelian groups, dihedral groups and dicyclic groups. Consequently, we show that all prime-valent regular Cayley maps on dihedral groups are balanced and all prime-valent regular Cayley maps on abelian groups are either balanced or anti-balanced. Furthermore, we prove that there is no prime-valent regular Cayley map on any dicyclic group

Regular Cayley maps on dihedral groups with the smallest kernel

Let $\mathcal{M}=CM(D_n,X,p)$ be a regular Cayley map on the dihedral group $D_n$ of order $2n, n \ge 2,$ and let $\pi$ be the power function associated with $\mathcal{M}$. In this paper it is shown that the kernel Ker$(\pi)$ of the power function $\pi$ is a dihedral subgroup of $D_n$ and if $n \ne 3,$ then the kernel Ker$(\pi)$ is of order at least $4$. Moreover, all $\mathcal{M}$ are classified for which Ker$(\pi)$ is of order $4$. In particular, besides $4$ sporadic maps on $4,4,8$ and $12$ vertices respectively, two infinite families of non-$t$-balanced Cayley maps on $D_n$ are obtained

Regular balanced Cayley maps on PSL(2,p){\rm PSL}(2,p)

A {\it regular balanced Cayley map} (RBCM for short) on a finite group $\Gamma$ is an embedding of a Cayley graph on $\Gamma$ into a surface, with some special symmetric property. People have classified RBCM's for cyclic, dihedral, generalized quaternion, dicyclic, and semi-dihedral groups. In this paper we classify RBCM's on the group ${\rm PSL}(2,p)$ for each prime number $p>3$.Comment: 14 pages, to appear on Discrete Mathematic

Quotients of polynomial rings and regular t-balanced Cayley maps on abelian groups

Given a finite group $\Gamma$, a regular $t$-balanced Cayley map (RBCM$_{t}$ for short) is a regular Cayley map $\mathcal{CM}(G,\Omega,\rho)$ such that $\rho(\omega)^{-1}=\rho^{t}(\omega)$ for all $\omega\in\Omega$. In this paper, we clarify a connection between quotients of polynomial rings and RBCM$_{t}$'s on abelian groups, so as to propose a new approach for classifying RBCM$_{t}$'s. We obtain many new results, in particular, a complete classification for RBCM$_{t}$'s on abelian 2-groups.Comment: The previous version of this paper is entitled "A new approach to regular balanced Cayley maps on abelian $p$-groups

Smooth skew-morphisms of the dihedral groups

A skew-morphism $\varphi$ of a finite group $A$ is a permutation on $A$ such that $\varphi(1)=1$ and $\varphi(xy)=\varphi(x)\varphi^{\pi(x)}(y)$ for all $x,y\in A$ where $\pi:A\to\mathbb{Z}_{|\varphi|}$ is an integer function. A skew-morphism is smooth if $\pi(\varphi(x))=\pi(x)$ for all $x\in A$. The concept of smooth skew-morphisms is a generalization of that of $t$-balanced skew-morphisms. The aim of the paper is to develop a general theory of smooth skew-morphisms. As an application we classify smooth skew-morphisms of the dihedral groups.Comment: 23page

Complete regular dessins and skew-morphisms of cyclic groups

A dessin is a 2-cell embedding of a connected $2$-coloured bipartite graph into an orientable closed surface. A dessin is regular if its group of orientation- and colour-preserving automorphisms acts regularly on the edges. In this paper we study regular dessins whose underlying graph is a complete bipartite graph $K_{m,n}$, called $(m,n)$-complete regular dessins. The purpose is to establish a rather surprising correspondence between $(m,n)$-complete regular dessins and pairs of skew-morphisms of cyclic groups. A skew-morphism of a finite group $A$ is a bijection $\varphi\colon A\to A$ that satisfies the identity $\varphi(xy)=\varphi(x)\varphi^{\pi(x)}(y)$ for some function $\pi\colon A\to\mathbb{Z}$ and fixes the neutral element of~$A$. We show that every $(m,n)$-complete regular dessin $\mathcal{D}$ determines a pair of reciprocal skew-morphisms of the cyclic groups $\mathbb{Z}_n$ and $\mathbb{Z}_m$. Conversely, $\mathcal{D}$ can be reconstructed from such a reciprocal pair. As a consequence, we prove that complete regular dessins, exact bicyclic groups with a distinguished pair of generators, and pairs of reciprocal skew-morphisms of cyclic groups are all in one-to-one correspondence. Finally, we apply the main result to determining all pairs of integers $m$ and $n$ for which there exists, up to interchange of colours, exactly one $(m,n)$-complete regular dessin. We show that the latter occurs precisely when every group expressible as a product of cyclic groups of order $m$ and $n$ is abelian, which eventually comes down to the condition $\gcd(m,\phi(n))=\gcd(\phi(m),n)=1$, where $\phi$ is Euler's totient function.Comment: 19papge

Quantum expanders and the quantum entropy difference problem

We define quantum expanders in a natural way. We show that under certain conditions classical expander constructions generalize to the quantum setting, and in particular so does the Lubotzky, Philips and Sarnak construction of Ramanujan expanders from Cayley graphs of the group PGL. We show that this definition is exactly what is needed for characterizing the complexity of estimating quantum entropies.Comment: 30 pages, 1 figur

Skew product groups for monolithic groups

Skew morphisms, which generalise automorphisms for groups, provide a fundamental tool for the study of regular Cayley maps and, more generally, for finite groups with a complementary factorisation $G=BY$, where $Y$ is cyclic and core-free in $G$. In this paper, we classify all examples in which $B$ is monolithic (meaning that it has a unique minimal normal subgroup, and that subgroup is not abelian) and core-free in $G$. As a consequence, we obtain a classification of all proper skew morphisms of finite non-abelian simple groups

Eigenvalues of Cayley graphs

We survey some of the known results on eigenvalues of Cayley graphs and their applications, together with related results on eigenvalues of Cayley digraphs and generalizations of Cayley graphs

Quantum expanders and the quantum entropy difference problem

Classical expanders and extractors have numerous applications in computer science. However, it seems these classical objects have no meaningful quantum generalization. This is because it is easy to generate entropy in quantum computation simply by tracing out registers. In this paper we define quantum expanders and extractors in a natural way. We show that this definition is exactly what is needed for showing that QED, the quantum analogue of ED (the entropy difference problem) is QSZK-complete. We also show that quantum expanders exist and with very good parameters in the high min-entropy regime. The first construction is derived from the work of Ambainis and Smith and is based on expander graphs that are based on Cayley graphs of Abelian groups. The drawback of this construction is that it uses logarithmic seed length (yet, this already suffices for showing that QED is QSZK-complete). We also show a quantum analogue of the Lubotzky, Philips and Sarnak construction of Ramanujan expanders from Cayley graphs of PGL. Our construction is a sequence of two steps on the Cayley graph with a basis change in between steps. We believe this quantum analogue of classical Ramanujan expanders is of independent interest