4,492 research outputs found

    Graduate Catalog of Studies, 2023-2024

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    Proceedings of the 10th International congress on architectural technology (ICAT 2024): architectural technology transformation.

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    The profession of architectural technology is influential in the transformation of the built environment regionally, nationally, and internationally. The congress provides a platform for industry, educators, researchers, and the next generation of built environment students and professionals to showcase where their influence is transforming the built environment through novel ideas, businesses, leadership, innovation, digital transformation, research and development, and sustainable forward-thinking technological and construction assembly design

    The Influence of Neuroendocrine and Genetic Markers of Stress on Cognitive Processing and Intrusive Symptoms

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    This body of research investigated the influence of neuroendocrine and genetic elements of arousal on cognitive processes in the development of intrusive memories and flash-forward intrusions as related to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Specifically, this thesis investigated various mechanisms that may underlie intrusive symptoms as postulated by prevalent theories of PTSD. Study 1 examined the distinctive relationship between peritraumatic dissociation and subsequent re-experiencing symptoms. Network analyses revealed strong positive edges between peritraumatic dissociation and subsequent amnesia, as well as the re-experiencing symptoms of physical reactivity to reminders, flashbacks, intrusions, and dreams, and to a lesser extent emotional numbness and hypervigilance. The finding that peritraumatic dissociation is related to subsequent re-experiencing symptoms is consistent with cognitive models that emphasize the role of dissociative experiences during a traumatic event in the etiology of PTSD re-experiencing symptoms. Study 2 aimed to determine whether peri-traumatic stress, as measured via salivary cortisol and salivary alpha-amylase, as well as pre-existing genetic polymorphisms on the FKBP5 gene increased dissociation and data-driven processing, and subsequently impacted intrusive memories related to a trauma film. The findings revealed that greater noradrenergic arousal predicted less intrusive memory distress in individuals who scored higher on data-driven processing and trait dissociation, and in FKBP5 low-risk carriers. For individuals who reported less data-driven processing and trait dissociation, and in FKBP5 high-risk carriers, as noradrenergic arousal increased, intrusive memory distress increased. This study also showed no association between data-driven processing with memory fragmentation, and fragmentation with intrusive memories. Whilst these findings support some aspect of cognitive models of PTSD as they indicate a role for data-driven processing and dissociation in intrusive symptoms, they highlight a threshold at which these variables stop moderating the relationship between arousal and intrusive memories and suggest that memory fragmentation is not related to intrusive memories. Study 3 examined the role of cognitive control in flash-forward intrusions in the context of an enduring stressor, the COVID-19 pandemic. In line with expectations, results showed that as cognitive control worsened, FKBP5 high-risk carriers reported more flash-forward distress, and low-risk carriers reported less distress. These findings are considered in the context of hippocampal changes and are consistent with emerging theories of PTSD. Lastly, study 4 sought to investigate the role of two neurological processes, pattern separation and pattern completion in intrusive memories in individuals with PTSD compared to trauma exposed controls. Consistent with existing literature, the data indicate that individuals with PTSD reported more data-driven processing, more intrusive symptoms, and demonstrated better behavioural pattern completion than trauma-exposed controls. These findings are in line with current cognitive models of PTSD, as they again indicate a role for data-driven processing in PTSD. However, study 4 found no support for the postulate that deficient pattern separation is a feature of PTSD and found an opposite effect for the role of pattern completion. Whilst these findings are inconsistent with theory, they are in line with existing experimental studies. Overall, the findings from this thesis provide insight into cognitive and biological models of PTSD and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the nature and development of intrusive symptoms

    “Have patients with chronic skin diseases needs been met?”:A thesis on psoriasis and eczema patient care in dermatology service

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    Background: Common chronic skin diseases such as eczema and psoriasis usually require long term medical care. They are often associated with psychological and metabolic comorbidities, which can impact on patient quality of life (QOL) and on the self-management of these diseases. Regular assessment of patient needs, comorbidities and feedback is a critical step in the development of decision-analytic models. Currently, no intervention is available to regularly assess such patients’ needs and comorbidities and support their involvement in the decision-making and self-management of their morbidity and comorbidities. The aim of this research is to involve the patients in decision making of their care and to support their self-management by the use of a paper questionnaire (study tool) at each consultation. Objective: To explore the acceptability and potential of a self-developed paper questionnaire that constituted a study tool for addressing the needs, comorbidities, and feedback of patients with psoriasis and eczema and supporting their involvement in decision making and self-management of their chronic conditions. Method: A mixed method study was conducted and included a postal survey on adult male and female patients with psoriasis and eczema, using the study tool, which is a paper questionnaire and contains the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and seven supplementary open-ended questions to capture patients’ views, feedback, comorbidities, coping status and needs. The survey was followed by semi-structured face-to-face interviews with a sample of the patients who had participated in the survey. The aims of the interviews were two-fold: 1. to gain a deeper understanding of their experience of living with and managing their skin disease; and 2. to gather patient feedback on the service they received as well as their views on using the new study tool or any alternative intervention to address and support their self-management. The final study was a pilot which involved presenting a proposal of an online version of the study tool to a group of healthcare experts asking them to critically review the extent to which the online model responded to patients expressed needs. Results: Of the 114 patients who participated in the postal survey 108 (94.7%) of them expressed physical, metabolic and psychological comorbidities. Stress was identified as the dominant disease-triggering factor in 72 (63%) participants. Thirty-three (28.9%) of participants reported that they could not cope with their chronic illness. Eighteen (15.7%) participants suffered from anxiety, and 12 (10.5%) had depression and suicidal thoughts. Twenty-nine (25%) participants addressed their needs for support at home, and 16 (14%) of them asked for support at work. In the patient feedback section, 21 (18.4%) and 9 (7.8%) participants rated the service they received from their general practitioner (GP) and dermatologist as poor, respectively. In the interviews, all the participants 22 (100%) welcomed the use of the study tool on a regular basis to address their needs, comorbidities and feedback. Nineteen (86.3%) of them suggested that they would prefer using an online version of the tool or patient portal system as a convenient way of remote and interactive communication with the healthcare provider, particularly during the worsening of their skin condition. In the final pilot study, the healthcare experts agreed that the proposed online version of the study tool could be a convenient platform for such patients to support their self-management. They discussed the potential importance of such a tool if it provided them with access to supportive services such as patient information on skin diseases and self-management, access to local mental health service and other relevant psoriasis and eczema patients’ support groups and charities. Conclusion: This novel mixed method research identified knowledge gaps in managing patients with psoriasis and eczema. It provided a new tool that has the potential to regularly engage and assess patients’ unmet needs, comorbidities and feedback. The tool can involve patients in decision-making and offers them the autonomy to disclose heterogeneous needs that may support their self-management. All the interviewees welcomed regular use of the study tool and the majority of them suggested that they would prefer using an online version of the tool if it was available. Future research is needed to assess the impact of the study tool in filling important gaps in patient self-management and in health service improvement

    From massive rapid reconstruction to small-scale stepwise urban renewal: A contribution to socially integrative cities?: Case studies of Wuhan, China

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    Initially, urban renewal focused mainly on promoting better physical environments, living conditions and economic activities, by upgrading derelict neighbourhoods. But since the 1990s in Europe, the urban renewal approach emphasising the physical, environmental and economic spheres has been replaced by a more comprehensive and integrated approach, which links the stimulation of economic activities and environmental improvements with social integration, inclusion and cultural elements. The former pathway, marked by massive rapid demolition and reconstruction, is regarded as the dominant urban renewal approach in China. Driven by the unprecedented urbanisation, it has brought enormous economic benefits but at the cost of aggravating social and environmental problems, resulting in unsustainable cities. Therefore, China has entered a new stage by transforming into a more sustainable avenue – the small-scale stepwise urban renewal. Since 2009, the Chinese government has launched experimental actions in many pilot cities to cultivate the new approach. This trend can be noticed in different fields involving policies, movements, institutional settings and academia. Government and scholars expect small-scale urban renewal to simultaneously enhance physical infrastructures, reinforce cultural diversity and foster social cohesion, leading to sustainable and socially integrative cities. However, it can be questioned if the new urban renewal approach genuinely has a better performance in this regard. Therefore, the guiding research question (RQ) asks: How does urban renewal contribute to socially integrative cities in China? The author first sought insights to build a holistic conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities. It helped understand the urban renewal evolution in China, and the concept of social integration and inclusion both in international and in the Chinese context, especially regarding urban renewal projects. By conducting a literature review, three research gaps were identified: 1) A lack of systematic studies that integrate and summarise fragmented urban renewal approaches and concepts in China; 2) Social integration and inclusion in China have a relatively narrow perspective of “assimilation”; 3) Systematic and multi-faceted evaluation of experimental urban renewal in China, especially in social aspects, is too inadequate to make suggestions for improving current Chinese urban renewal approaches. To fill these gaps, this dissertation firstly scrutinises the differences between these co-existing two renewal approaches in China, massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal; secondly, it examines to what extent these two approaches have contributed to socially integrative cities, and thirdly, analyses the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches and the rationales behind them. The 'socially integrative cities' (SIC) analytical framework, jointly proposed by Chinese and European scholars, is applied to examine the accomplishments in two urban renewal cases. The author defines 26 indicators corresponding to 12 characteristics, grouped into five dimensions: collaborative urban planning and design, urban environment and living conditions, local economy and labour market, socio-cultural development and social capital, institutional development and urban finance. The methodology comprises descriptive documents analysis and literature research, followed by qualitative comparative case studies. Two typical cases were selected, representing massive rapid reconstruction (Wuhan Tiandi) and small-scale stepwise urban renewal (Tanhualin). Both are traditional inner-city and run-down areas in Wuhan, a frontrunner prefecture-level city in China. During the fieldwork, semi-structured in-depth interviews have been conducted on identified stakeholders. After the fieldwork, a thematic content analysis and a stakeholder analysis were performed to analyse the interview data collected from online databases, documents, and project plans. Results firstly suggested that the differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal exist in the aspects of the intervention levels, the actors and strategies, the scales of coverage, the planning goals, the renewal targets, the housing types and the sources of funds. An urban renewal project can combine both approaches in a hybrid model or adopt different approaches in different periods. The assessment of the implementation and impact of both urban renewal cases reveals that massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal have genuinely contributed to socially integrative cities in all five dimensions but to a varying degree. Massive rapid reconstruction has unique advantages in improving living and environmental conditions in urban areas, upgrading the physical environment in distressed areas, and strengthening the economy and labour market on a large regional scale, but it does not respect the social and cultural dimension. In contrast, small-scale stepwise renewal prevails in the adaptive reuse of existing buildings, revitalising cities and older towns, keeping people in the original neighbourhoods, stabilising housing prices and affordability, strengthening the economy and labour market on a small local scale, preserving cultural heritage, fostering the identity of neighbourhoods, as well as fostering social capital and the engagement of local stakeholders. However, it suffers from a comprehensive but limited effectiveness. The study also shows that many strengths and weaknesses of both urban renewal approaches are antithetical. Based on this finding, the author discovers their rationales behind the two different approaches, investigates the underlying causes that precipitate these antitheses, and proposes possible solutions to the challenges and dilemmas facing current Chinese urban renewal. Overall, this research concludes fragmented urban renewal approaches and concepts in China, summarised into two paradigms: massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal. Besides, it develops a more comprehensive and analytical framework that adapts to the Chinese context - “socially integrative cities”, to examine urban renewal projects. Finally, it elucidates in-depth empirical knowledge of the urban renewal paradigm shift in China and makes recommendations for government, practitioners and scholars to promote a more socially integrative urban renewal.:CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem overview 1.2 Study design and thesis structure 2 Conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities 2.1 Urban renewal in China 2.1.1 Basic Chinese terms and concepts 2.1.2 Massive rapid demolition and reconstruction 2.1.3 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal 2.1.4 Urban renewal evolution in China: initiating, testing and promotion 2.2 Social integration and inclusion 2.3 Influence of urban renewal on social integration and inclusion - socially integrative cities 2.4 Typical practices of urban renewal in China 2.5 Raised research questions 3 Research design and methodology 3.1 Overall research design 3.2 Framework to examine the accomplishment of socially integrative cities in urban renewal projects 3.3 Comparative case studies 3.3.1 Case study selection 3.3.2 Interview design 3.3.3 Data analysis 4 Exploring the context: Wuhan city and its two cases 4.1 Urban renewal in Wuhan 4.2 Planning documents of Wuhan concerning urban renewal 4.3 Massive rapid reconstruction case: Wuhan Tiandi 4.4 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal case: Tanhualin 5 Differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.1 Classification criteria for urban renewal approaches 5.2 Intervention levels 5.2.1 Redevelopment, rehabilitation, and conservation 5.2.2 Intervention levels in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.3 Actors and strategies 5.3.1 Government-led, property-led, comprehensive model, and community-oriented mode 5.3.2 Actors and strategies in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.3.3 Sources of funds in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.4 Scales of coverage 5.4.1 Macro-level, medium-level, micro-level 5.4.2 Scales of coverage in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.5 Planning goals 5.5.1 Physical, social, economic, and morphological integrated 5.5.2 Planning goals in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.6 Renewal targets 5.6.1 Old city, old factory, old village 5.6.2 Renewal targets in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.7 Summary 6 Contributions to socially integrative cities by massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 6.1 Collaborative urban planning and design 6.1.1 Reducing urban sprawl and appropriate access to urban land 6.1.2 Involving different stakeholders in collaborative and participative planning and design on the different politico-administrative levels 6.1.3 Reflections 6.2 Urban environment and living conditions 6.2.1 Improving urban environment and living conditions in Wuhan Tiandi 6.2.2 Improving the urban environment and living conditions in Tanhualin 6.2.3 Reflections 6.3 Local economy and labour market 6.3.1 Strengthening the local economy and labour market 6.3.2 Strengthening technical and social innovation in cities and neighbourhoods opening up new possibilities for the local population 6.3.3 Reflections 6.4 Socio-cultural development and social capital 6.4.1 Fostering proactive education and training policies for children and young people in disadvantaged neighbourhoods 6.4.2 Preserving cultural heritage and fostering the identity of neighbourhoods and their inhabitants 6.4.3 Fostering social capital and engagement of local stakeholders 6.4.4 Reflections 6.5 Institutional development and urban finance 6.5.1 Supporting adequate institutional conditions and mechanisms 6.5.2 Supporting adequate financial conditions and mechanisms 6.5.3 Reflections 6.6 Summary 7 Strengths and weaknesses of massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise renewal and their rationales 7.1 Collaborative urban planning and design 7.1.1 Rental-sales rights inequality 7.1.2 Paternalistic Danwei system 7.1.3 Lack of channels for public participation 7.1.4 Lack of vertical and horizontal integration between government sectors 7.1.5 Lack of clear collective goals 7.2 Urban environment and living conditions 7.2.1 Housing prices and affordability 7.2.2 Low-rent housing programmes and two innovations 7.2.3 Monetisation strategy 7.2.4 Efficiency versus quality 7.3 Socio-cultural development and social capital 7.3.1 Cultural heritage protection 7.3.2 Aesthetic concept cultivation 7.3.3 Open community versus gated community 7.3.4 Understandings of social integration and inclusion 7.4 Institutional development and urban finance 7.4.1 Establishment of urban renewal bureau 7.4.2 Transition from management-oriented government to service-oriented government 7.4.3 Human-centred, people-oriented design 7.5 Summary 8 Conclusion References Annexes Annex 1: Interview guidelines Annex 2: Dates of interviews Annex 3: Collected data Annex 4: Example of consent formUrsprĂŒnglich zielte Stadterneuerung in erster Linie darauf ab, Infrastruktur, Lebensbedingungen und wirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten durch die Aufwertung baufĂ€lliger Stadtviertel zu verbessern. Seit den 1990er Jahren jedoch wurde in Europa der Ansatz der hauptsĂ€chlich materielle, ökologische und ökonomische Aspekte betonenden Stadterneuerung durch eine ganzheitlichere Herangehensweise abgelöst. Diese verbindet die Stimulation ökonomischer AktivitĂ€ten und ökologischer Verbesserungen mit sozialer Integration und Teilhabe der Bewohner sowie RĂŒcksichtnahme auf kulturelle Gegebenheiten (Dixon et al., 2009, p. 3). Ersterer Ansatz, gekennzeichnet durch großflĂ€chigen und schnellen Abriss und Neubau stĂ€dtischer Areale, wird meist als die in China ĂŒbliche Vorgehensweise bei Stadterneuerungen angesehen. Getrieben von einem Prozess beispielloser Urbanisierung, ging sie einen enormen wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung einher. Dieser brachte allerdings gravierende soziale und ökologische Problemen mit sich, welche zu einer nicht-nachhaltigen Stadtentwicklung fĂŒhrten. Deshalb beschreitet China zunehmend einen nachhaltigeren Weg: die schrittweise Stadterneuerung in jeweils kleinerem Umfang. Seit 2009 initiierte die chinesische Regierung verschiedene experimentelle Pilotprojekte fĂŒr den neuen Ansatz. Dieser Trend macht sich in verschiedenen Bereichen wie Planungs- und Baustrategien, institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und der Wissenschaft bemerkbar. Sowohl chinesische Regierungsinstitutionen als auch zahlreiche Wissenschaftler gehen davon aus, dass eine kleinteiligere Stadterneuerung nicht nur die physische Infrastruktur verbessert, sondern auch das GefĂŒhl der IdentitĂ€t, die kulturelle Entwicklung und den sozialen Zusammenhalt unter den Bewohnern verstĂ€rkt. Damit geht allerdings die Frage einher, ob der neue Ansatz der Stadterneuerung tatsĂ€chlich per se besser zur Verwirklichung dieser Absichten beitrĂ€gt. Die zentrale Forschungsfrage lautet daher: Auf welche Weise trĂ€gt Stadterneuerung zur sozialen IntegrativitĂ€t chinesischer StĂ€dte bei? ZunĂ€chst entwickelte die Autorin den konzeptionellen Rahmen: Stadterneuerung im Sinne sozial-integrativer Stadtentwicklung. Dieser hilft beim VerstĂ€ndnis chinesischer Stadterneuerung und der Einsicht in den stĂ€dtebaulichen Bezug von Konzepten sozialer Integration und Inklusion sowohl international als auch spezifisch in China. Bei der Recherche in Dokumenten und Fachliteratur zeigten sich weiterhin folgende drei ForschungslĂŒcken: 1) Ein Mangel an systematischen Untersuchungen, die die einzelnen Herangehensweisen und Konzepte der Stadterneuerung in China integrieren und zusammenfassen; 2) AnsĂ€tze der sozialen Integration und Teilhabe folgen in China einem relativ engen VerstĂ€ndnis von „Assimilierung“; 3) Der gegenwĂ€rtige Bestand systematischer Analyse und Bewertung experimenteller Stadterneuerungsprojekte ist hinsichtlich sozialer Aspekte unzureichend fĂŒr eine Verbesserung aktueller AnsĂ€tze der Stadterneuerung in China. Um diese ForschungslĂŒcken zu fĂŒllen, sollen in der vorliegenden Dissertation zum Ersten die Unterschiede zwischen den beiden in China angewendeten Vorgehensweisen der Stadterneuerung – großflĂ€chiger und scheller gegenĂŒber kleinteiligem und schrittweisem Stadtumbau – erforscht werden; zum Zweiten soll untersucht werden, inwiefern beide AnsĂ€tze zur sozial integrierten Stadtentwicklung beitragen, und zum Dritten soll eine generelle Analyse der StĂ€rken und SchwĂ€chen beider AnsĂ€tze und ihrer inneren Logik erfolgen. Zur Untersuchung zweier FĂ€lle von Stadterneuerung bezĂŒglich des Ziels einer sozial-integrativen Stadtentwicklung kommt der Analyserahmen „Socially Integrative Cities“ (SIC), der gemeinsam von chinesischen und europĂ€ischen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern vorgeschlagen wurde, zum Einsatz. Die Autorin definierte 26 Indikatoren aufbauend auf 12 Charakteristika aus vorausgegangenen Forschungen, die fĂŒnf thematischen Dimensionen zugeordnet wurden: kollaborative Stadtplanung und Stadtgestaltung, urbane Umwelt- und Lebensbedingungen, wirtschaftliche Situation und Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort, soziokulturelle Entwicklung und soziales Kapital und schlussendlich institutionelle Entwicklung und stĂ€dtisches Finanzwesen. Das methodische Vorgehen vereint beschreibende Analyse von Dokumenten und Literaturrecherche, gefolgt von qualitativen vergleichenden Fallstudien. FĂŒr die Untersuchung wurden zwei typische FĂ€lle von Stadterneuerungsprojekten ausgewĂ€hlt, die einerseits eine großflĂ€chige und schnelle (Wuhan Tiandi) und andererseits eine kleinteilige und schrittweise (Wuhan Tanhualin) Vorgehensweise reprĂ€sentieren. In beiden FĂ€llen handelt es sich um traditionelle innerstĂ€dtische, jedoch baufĂ€llige Viertel in Wuhan, einer aufstrebenden chinesischen Bezirkshauptstadt. Im Laufe der Feldforschung wurden unter anderem semistrukturierte vertiefende Interviews mit Vertretern von Einrichtungen gefĂŒhrt, die vorher als Stakeholder identifiziert wurden. FĂŒr die Auswertung des Interviewmaterials schloss sich wĂ€hrend und nach der Feldforschung die inhaltliche Analyse und die Stakeholderanalyse an. Weitere Daten hierfĂŒr wurden von Online-Datenplattformen, Dokumenten und Projektplanungen generiert. ZunĂ€chst einmal legen die Resultate nahe, dass die Unterschiede zwischen großflĂ€chiger, schneller und kleinteiliger, schrittweiser Stadterneuerung hauptsĂ€chlich bei den Aspekten Interventionsebene, Akteure und ihre Strategien, GrĂ¶ĂŸe der BauflĂ€che, Planungs- und Erneuerungsziel, GebĂ€udetypen und Finanzierung liegen. Dabei besteht die Möglichkeit, dass Projekte der Stadterneuerung beide Vorgehensweisen in einem hybriden Modell kombinieren oder verschiedene AnsĂ€tze in unterschiedlichen Abschnitten zur Anwendung bringen. Die Auswertung der Umsetzung und Folgen der beiden Stadterneuerungsprojekte offenbarte, dass sowohl die großflĂ€chige und schnelle als auch die kleinteilige, schrittweise Stadterneuerung in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß einen spezifischen Einfluss auf allen fĂŒnf o.g. Dimensionen des Konzepts der sozial-integrativen Stadt haben. GroßflĂ€chige und schnelle Stadterneuerung bietet unbestreitbare Vorteile fĂŒr die Verbesserung der Lebens- und Umweltbedingungen, bei der baulichen Aufwertung in baufĂ€lligen Stadtbereichen sowie fĂŒr die StĂ€rkung der regionalen WirtschaftstĂ€tigkeit und des ĂŒberregionalen Arbeitsmarktes. Allerdings nimmt sie wenig RĂŒcksicht auf soziale und kulturelle Aspekte. Im Gegensatz dazu zeichnet sich eine kleinteilige, schrittweise Stadterneuerung durch flexible Umnutzung existierender GebĂ€ude, eine Wiederbelebung von Stadtkernen und AltstĂ€dten und stabileren und erschwinglicheren Immobilienpreisen aus. Menschen können in ihrem angestammten Viertel bleiben, die Lokalwirtschaft und der Arbeitsmarkt vor Ort werden gestĂ€rkt, baukulturelles Erbe bewahrt und sowohl das IdentitĂ€tsgefĂŒhl der Quartiersbewohner mit ihrer Umgebung als auch Sozialkapital und Engagement lokaler Stakeholder gestĂ€rkt. Gleichwohl leiden diese zwar umfassenden AnsĂ€tze unter einer begrenzten EffektivitĂ€t. DarĂŒber hinaus wurde in der Studie deutlich, dass die Vorteile des einen Ansatzes in vielen FĂ€lle die Nachteile des anderen spiegeln und umgekehrt. Darauf aufbauend beschrieb die Autorin die zu Grunde liegende Logik beider Wege, untersuchte die Ursachen, die zu deren WidersprĂŒchen fĂŒhren und bietet mögliche Lösungswege fĂŒr die Herausforderungen und Dilemmata an, denen gegenwĂ€rtige chinesische Stadterneuerungsprojekte gegenĂŒberstehen. Diese Forschungsarbeit fasst verschiedene bislang fragmentarische AnsĂ€tze und Konzepte der Stadterneuerung in China zu zwei Paradigmen zusammen: Dem des großflĂ€chigen, schnellen Stadtumbaus und jenem der kleinteiligen, schrittweisen Erneuerung. Daneben wurde ein breiter gefasster und an den Kontext der chinesischen „sozial-integrativen Stadt“ angepasster Analyserahmen fĂŒr Stadterneuerungsprojekte entwickelt. Schlussendlich erlĂ€utert die vorliegende Forschungsarbeit ausfĂŒhrlich empirische Erkenntnisse im Zusammenhang mit dem stĂ€dtebaulichen Paradigmenwechsel, der sich in China vollzieht, und gibt Empfehlungen fĂŒr entsprechende Regierungsinstitutionen, Fachleute und Wissenschaftler zur Förderung einer sozial–integrativen Stadtentwicklung.:CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem overview 1.2 Study design and thesis structure 2 Conceptual framework: urban renewal towards socially integrative cities 2.1 Urban renewal in China 2.1.1 Basic Chinese terms and concepts 2.1.2 Massive rapid demolition and reconstruction 2.1.3 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal 2.1.4 Urban renewal evolution in China: initiating, testing and promotion 2.2 Social integration and inclusion 2.3 Influence of urban renewal on social integration and inclusion - socially integrative cities 2.4 Typical practices of urban renewal in China 2.5 Raised research questions 3 Research design and methodology 3.1 Overall research design 3.2 Framework to examine the accomplishment of socially integrative cities in urban renewal projects 3.3 Comparative case studies 3.3.1 Case study selection 3.3.2 Interview design 3.3.3 Data analysis 4 Exploring the context: Wuhan city and its two cases 4.1 Urban renewal in Wuhan 4.2 Planning documents of Wuhan concerning urban renewal 4.3 Massive rapid reconstruction case: Wuhan Tiandi 4.4 Small-scale stepwise urban renewal case: Tanhualin 5 Differences between massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.1 Classification criteria for urban renewal approaches 5.2 Intervention levels 5.2.1 Redevelopment, rehabilitation, and conservation 5.2.2 Intervention levels in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.3 Actors and strategies 5.3.1 Government-led, property-led, comprehensive model, and community-oriented mode 5.3.2 Actors and strategies in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.3.3 Sources of funds in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.4 Scales of coverage 5.4.1 Macro-level, medium-level, micro-level 5.4.2 Scales of coverage in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.5 Planning goals 5.5.1 Physical, social, economic, and morphological integrated 5.5.2 Planning goals in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.6 Renewal targets 5.6.1 Old city, old factory, old village 5.6.2 Renewal targets in massive rapid reconstruction and small-scale stepwise urban renewal 5.7 Summary 6 Contributions to socially integrative cities by

    University of Windsor Graduate Calendar 2023 Winter

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    https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/universitywindsorgraduatecalendars/1026/thumbnail.jp

    Mediated Settlement Agreements in South Africa: A Judicial Review

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    The research question of this thesis is a simple one: when should a court review a settlement agreement? In South Africa, mediation as an alternative dispute resolution tool is a popular mechanism for aggrieved parties in commercial disputes, where litigation may be limited or inappropriate in the circumstances. Where a mediation concludes with a settlement agreement, and one of the parties then regrets his or her acceptance of the agreement, he or she may approach a court of law for legal review. However, when dealing with a mediated settlement that is primed for legal review, there is uncertainty in the law. There are no fixed rules to guide a court in determining when the legal review of the mediated settlement agreement is appropriate. Judicial review raises complex questions that sit at the intersection of public policy and the constitutional freedom to contract in South Africa, yet the law provides no coherent framework for assessing when judicial review of a settlement agreement is appropriate. Examining the law of legal privilege; confidentiality and without prejudice settlements, and how these principles might affect the legitimacy of the legal review of a mediated settlement agreement, this research reveals that there are no legal tests to be used by the courts, and, that this is an area of the law of mediation that is in need of urgent reform. Searching for a new fount of knowledge in terms of alternative dispute resolution, this research plumbs South African labour law to ask whether we can use labour law principles to supplement our understanding of the legal review of mediated settlement agreements. This thesis contends that by using principles from South African labour law cases and related legislation, the law of mediation in South Africa can be supplemented and developed. This thesis will show that individual labour law principles, public policy and overarching constitutional norms can provide useful contributions to private, voluntary mediation. It will be argued, by way of doctrinal analysis, that South African labour law has the capacity to augment the jurisprudence of mediation in South Africa, specifically where the suitability of judicial review of a mediated settlement agreement needs to be assessed. Building on this analysis of labour law, the thesis develops the concept of variables as a novel theoretical framework for indicating whether judicial review of the settlement agreement is likely. Further developing this framework, suggestions are offered as to how such variables might be used to inform reform in this area of law. These reforms, should they be adopted by the South African legislature, would provide the courts and legal practitioners with a cogent and well-articulated framework to use when assessing whether the legal review of a mediated settlement agreement is apt
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