A PROTOCOL SUITE FOR WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS

A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) is an ad hoc network that consists of devices that surround an individual or an object. Bluetooth® technology is especially suitable for formation of WPANs due to the pervasiveness of devices with Bluetooth® chipsets, its operation in the unlicensed Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) frequency band, and its interference resilience. Bluetooth® technology has great potential to become the de facto standard for communication between heterogeneous devices in WPANs. The piconet, which is the basic Bluetooth® networking unit, utilizes a Master/Slave (MS) configuration that permits only a single master and up to seven active slave devices. This structure limitation prevents Bluetooth® devices from directly participating in larger Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). In order to build larger Bluetooth® topologies, called scatternets, individual piconets must be interconnected. Since each piconet has a unique frequency hopping sequence, piconet interconnections are done by allowing some nodes, called bridges, to participate in more than one piconet. These bridge nodes divide their time between piconets by switching between Frequency Hopping (FH) channels and synchronizing to the piconet\u27s master. In this dissertation we address scatternet formation, routing, and security to make Bluetooth® scatternet communication feasible. We define criteria for efficient scatternet topologies, describe characteristics of different scatternet topology models as well as compare and contrast their properties, classify existing scatternet formation approaches based on the aforementioned models, and propose a distributed scatternet formation algorithm that efficiently forms a scatternet topology and is resilient to node failures. We propose a hybrid routing algorithm, using a bridge link agnostic approach, that provides on-demand discovery of destination devices by their address or by the services that devices provide to their peers, by extending the Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) to scatternets. We also propose a link level security scheme that provides secure communication between adjacent piconet masters, within what we call an Extended Scatternet Neighborhood (ESN)

Ad hoc and Opportunistic Routing in Static Scatternet Environment

Abstract Peer-to-peer connectivity between mobile phones using technologies such as Bluetooth has given a new dimension to the mobile communication. Peers through the help of various underlying protocols can form piconets and scatternets to transparently communicate the content across the network. There however are issues like reliability in communication, delay and the cost of communication that need to be considered before resorting to this form of communication. This paper presents a study where opportunistic concept such as Bubble Rap is tested in Bluetooth ad hoc networking environment. The notion behind this research is to study the properties of these two networking environments, since opportunistic networks are derived from ad hoc networks. Thus, study of these two different environments yet related to each other may help us find new ways of message forwarding in Bluetooth communication environment. This paper is aimed at investigating the behaviour of nodes present in Bluetooth static scatternet environment by 1) studying message transfer from a source to destination using traditional ad hoc communication protocols such as AODV and 2) message transfer using opportunistic algorithms such as Bubble Rap on top of traditional ad hoc communication. This paper also proposes a concept of ranking to transfer messages to the node that has higher social centrality ranking compared to the current node. Nodes with varying social ranking are allowed to join piconets and forward messages based on Bubble Rap concept in scatternet environment. In BR algorithm, nodes forward messages to only those encountering nodes which are more popular than the current node

A survey on Bluetooth multi-hop networks

Bluetooth was firstly announced in 1998. Originally designed as cable replacement connecting devices in a point-to-point fashion its high penetration arouses interest in its ad-hoc networking potential. This ad-hoc networking potential of Bluetooth is advertised for years - but until recently no actual products were available and less than a handful of real Bluetooth multi-hop network deployments were reported. The turnaround was triggered by the release of the Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Profile which is unquestionable a great achievement but not well suited for all use cases of multi-hop networks. This paper surveys the tremendous work done on Bluetooth multi-hop networks during the last 20 years. All aspects are discussed with demands for a real world Bluetooth multi-hop operation in mind. Relationships and side effects of different topics for a real world implementation are explained. This unique focus distinguishes this survey from existing ones. Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge this is the first survey consolidating the work on Bluetooth multi-hop networks for classic Bluetooth technology as well as for Bluetooth Low Energy. Another individual characteristic of this survey is a synopsis of real world Bluetooth multi-hop network deployment efforts. In fact, there are only four reports of a successful establishment of a Bluetooth multi-hop network with more than 30 nodes and only one of them was integrated in a real world application - namely a photovoltaic power plant. © 2019 The Author

HEAVEN for Android. An Heterogeneous Ad Hoc Network for Emergency Response

À ce jour, il est possible d’utiliser les téléphones intelligents comme des relais afin de créer des réseaux sans infrastructure. Humanitas, notre partenaire industriel spécialisé dans la conception de solutions sur les technologies de l’informations et de la communication (TIC), propose de s’en servir pour rétablir les communications dans des zones sinistrées où les moyens de communication seraient coupés. Leur objectif est de permettre la création de ce type de réseau en utilisant des micro-ordinateurs installés sur des drones, ainsi que des téléphones personnels roulant sous iOS ou Android. S’il est aujourd’hui possible de recréer ce type de réseau entre ordinateurs et iPhone du fait de la disponibilité de technologies faites pour sur ces plateformes, Android ne bénéficie pas du même traitement. L’état de l’art montre que les moyens présents sur Android permettent effectivement de lier les téléphones entre eux, mais de nombreux problèmes restent encore à résoudre. Il faut permettre une automatisation complète du processus, prendre en compte des limites des technologies utilisées ou bien offrir une compatibilité avec les téléphones intelligents iPhone, systèmes n’ayant que très peu de technologies compatibles avec les téléphones Android. Nous proposons dans ce mémoire, plusieurs méthodes afin de répondre à ces problématiques pour obtenir une solution de création et jonction automatique d’un réseau sans infrastructure à environnement hétérogène pour téléphones Android. Nous présenterons également des expériences sur les technologies de communications sans fil employées, de façon isolée ainsi qu’ en concurrence. Ceci nous permettra de connaitre les interférences qu’elles induisent, leurs performances de communication, ainsi que l’impact énergétique sur la batterie de nos téléphones. Nous évaluerons également les algorithmes mis en place pour la gestion du réseau, cela afin de valider leur comportement et de quantifier les performances de notre solution.----------ABSTRACT: Using smartphones as relays could be a solution to create ad hoc networks and temporarily replace out of order traditional telecommunications infrastructure. Humanitas, our industrial partner specialized in ICT solutions for humanitarian operations, develops a software to recreate networks in disastrous areas by leveraging low-cost computers like Raspberry pi or mobile devices, on either iOS or Android. While it is possible to establish ad hoc networks with computers or iOS devices, thanks to their made-for technologies, Google public API greatly restrict capabilities of devices to create such network with Android devices. Most of literature implementations rely on unconventional usage of the API. While they manage to reach their objective, the result is not as flexible or efficient, compatibility with other environments are eluded, and device limitations are not considered. In this thesis, we propose a solution to create or join an ad hoc network on the model of Humanitas software Heterogeneous Embedded Ad hoc Virtual Emergency Network (HEAVEN), by ensuring the compatibility with iOS devices, and by managing the capabilities of our devices. We discuss also multiple experiments designed to evaluate the performances and power usage of the wireless technologies we used, on both, stand-alone and mixed usage. This allow to know what their capabilities are and their influence. We test and validate our solution and conclude on its global performances

Analysis and Comparison of Smart Homes

Tark maja on kodu, mis on osaliselt automatiseeritud. Targa maja peamine ülesanne on kõik seadmed koondada tsentraalse juhtimise alla, mis võimaldab programmeerida erinevate sündmuste korral tegevusi, mis kõige paremini maja ja omaniku soovidega kokku sobivad. Käesolev bakalaureusetöö analüüsib ning võrdleb erinevaid tehnoloogiad, mille abil on võimalik enda kodu automatiseerida. Võrreldakse kuut lahendust milleks on: Insteon, X10, Z-Wave, Android@Home, Zigbee ning DomoticHome. Lisaks on teises peatükis välja toodud kodu automatiseerimise lühiajalugu, mida siiamaani pole veel keegi kirja pannud. Samuti rakendame kaks juhtmeta ühendusega lahendust. Mõlemad süsteemid põhinevad Arduino mikrokontrolleril ning Android operatsioonisüsteemiga mobiiltelefonil. Erinevus seisneb suhtlusprotokollis. Esimene süsteem, DomoticHome, kasutab suhtlemiseks Wi-Fi tehnoloogiat. Teine põhineb Amarino toolkit-il ning Bluetooth suhtlusprotokollil. Mõlema süsteemiga saab ühendada valgusteid, temperatuuri andureid ning muud vajalikku, mis võib ühes kodus vaja minna. Seejärel saab telefoni abil neid seadmeid sisse- ja välja lülitada ning saada erinevaid mõõtmisi Arduino sensoritelt. Analüüsis sai välja toodud kõikide võrreldud tehnoloogiate plussid ning miinused vastavalt kriteeriumitele, mis lõputöö algul said ära otsustatud. Rakendamisel valmisid kaks lahendust. Mõlemaga sai sisse- ja välja lülitada Arduino külge ühendatud LED-valgustit ning mõõta toatemperatuuri thermistor-mooduli abil. Kuna DomoticHome tehnoloogia genereerib automaatselt Arduino mikrokontrollerile juhtimiskoodi, siis selle seadistamine oli võrdlemisi lihtsam kui Bluetooth ühendusega süsteemi ülespanemine. Amarino lahenduse jaoks oli vaja algul õppida Arduino mikrokontrollerit programmeerida. Tavainimese jaoks võib see osutuda keeruliseks. DomoticHome lahenduse Arduino mikrokontroller saab voolu seinapistikust või ruuterist, mille külge ta on ühendatud. Erinevalt DomoticHome-st saab Amarino Arduino mikrokontroller voolu 3-lt AA-tüüpi patareilt. Paralleelselt valminud Steve Mägi bakalaureusetöö eksperimendid näitasid, et süsteem võib mõõdukal kasutamisel järjest töötada 39 tundi ning 20 minutit. Kui inimesel pole võimalik sellise aja tagant vahetada patareisid, siis see süsteem ei sobi antud isikule ja peab valima DomoticHome lahenduse. Arvestades, et praeguseni on kodu automatsioon olnud suhteliselt kallis, siis võib loota, et kui Google enda süsteemi turule toob, siis tarkade majade arv kasvad hüppeliselt. Põhjus on selles, et süsteem toimib Androidi operatsioonisüsteemi põhjal ning tänaseks on maailmas juba 300 miljonit aktiveeritud Android seadet. üleüldiselt on tegu kiiresti areneva ning huvitava valdkonnaga. Kindlasti vajab see edasist uurimist ning arendamist

A study of mobile phone ad hoc networks via bluetooth with different routing protocols

The growth of mobile computing is changing the way people communicate. Mobile devices, especially mobile phones, have become cheaper and more powerful, and are able to run more applications and provide networking services. Mobile phones use fixed cellular infrastructure such as base stations and transmission towers to enable users to share multimedia content and access the internet at any time or place. However, using the internet is costly. Therefore, one of the solutions is to create impromptu ad hoc networks to share information among users. Such networks are infrastructureless and self-organising, much like mobile ad hoc networks. This dissertation therefore investigates how mobile phones with low-power Bluetooth technology can be used to create ad hoc networks that connect mobile phones and allow them to share information. The mobile phones should be able organise themselves for multi-hop communication. Routing becomes important in order to achieve effciency in data communication. Several existing routing protocols were developed and evaluated for this network to determine how effciently they deliver data and deal with network disruptions such as a device moving out of transmission range. Representative routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networking, peer-to-peer networks and publish/subscribe systems were evaluated according to performance metrics defidened in the research, namely total traffc, data traffc, control traffc, delay, convergence time, and positive response. Prototypes for Nokia phones were developed and tested in a small ad hoc network. For practical networking setup, a simple routing protocol that uses the limited mobile phone resources effciently would be better than a sophisticated routing protocol that keeps routing information about the network participants

Integrated Architecture for Configuration and Service Management in MANET Environments

Esta tesis nos ha permitido trasladar algunos conceptos teóricos de la computación ubicua a escenarios reales, identificando las necesidades específicas de diferentes tipos de aplicaciones. Con el fin de alcanzar este objetivo, proponemos dos prototipos que proporcionan servicios sensibles al contexto en diferentes entornos, tales como conferencias o salas de recuperación en hospitales. Estos prototipos experimentales explotan la tecnología Bluetooth para ofrecer información basada en las preferencias del usuario. En ambos casos, hemos llevado a cabo algunos experimentos con el fin de evaluar el comportamiento de los sistemas y su rendimento. También abordamos en esta tesis el problema de la autoconfiguración de redes MANET basadas en el estándar 802.11 a través de dos soluciones novedosas. La primera es una solución centralizada que se basa en la tecnología Bluetooth, mientras la segunda es una solución distribuida que no necesita recurrir a ninguna tecnología adicional, ya que se basa en el uso del parámetro SSID. Ambos métodos se han diseñado para permitir que usuarios no expertos puedan unirse a una red MANET de forma transparente, proporcionando una configuración automática, rápida, y fiable de los terminales. Los resultados experimentales en implementaciones reales nos han permitido evaluar el rendimiento de las soluciones propuestas y demostrar que las estaciones cercanas se pueden configurar en pocos segundos. Además, hemos comparado ambas soluciones entre sí para poner de manifiesto las diferentes ventajas y desventajas en cuanto a rendimento. La principal contribución de esta tesis es EasyMANET, una plataforma ampliable y configurable cuyo objetivo es automatizar lo máximo posible las tareas que afectan a la configuración y puesta en marcha de redes MANET, de modo que su uso sea más simple y accesible.Cano Reyes, J. (2012). Integrated Architecture for Configuration and Service Management in MANET Environments [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14675Palanci

WiFi-Direct InterNetworking

We are on the verge of having ubiquitous connectivity. However, there are still scenarios where public communication networks are not reachable, are saturated or simply cannot be trusted. In such cases, our mobile phones can leverage device-to-device communication to reach the public network or to enable local connectivity. A device-to-device communication technology, with at least WiFi speed and range, will offer sufficient connectivity conditions for interconnection in areas/situations where it is not currently possible. Such advance will foster a new breed of systems and applications. Their widespread adoption is, nonetheless, bound to their usage in off-the-shelf devices. This raises a problem because the device-to-device communication technologies currently available in off-the-shelf mobile devices have several limitations: Bluetooth is limited in speed and range,Wi-Fi Direct is limited in speed and connectivity for medium and large scenarios, and WiFi-Aware is a new and untested technology, whose specification does not cover large scenarios. In this thesis, we address this problem by presenting two communication topologies and a network formation algorithm that enable the use of Wi-Fi Direct communication between off-the-shelf mobile devices in medium and large scale scenarios. The communication topologies, named Group-Owner Client-Relay Group-Owner and Group-Owner Group-Owner, allow for Wi-Fi Direct intergroup communication, whilst the network formation algorithm, named RedMesh, systematically creates networks of Wi-Fi Direct groups. The algorithm proved to be very effective, achieving full connectivity in 97.28% of the 1 250 tested scenarios. The RedMesh algorithm distinguishes itself for being the first one to useWi-Fi Direct communication topologies that can form tree and mesh structures, and for being the first algorithm able to build networks that can rely only on unicast communication. We may hence conclude that the work developed in this thesis makes significant progress in the formation of large scale networks of off-the-shelf mobile devices