The development of an intervention to improve the safety of community care nurses while driving and a qualitative investigation of its preliminary effects

This paper details the development of, and perceived role and effectiveness of an innovative intervention designed to ultimately improve the safety of a group of community care (CC) nurses while driving. Recruiting participants from an Australian CC nursing car fleet, qualitative responses from a series of open-ended questions were obtained from drivers (n = 36), supervisors (n = 22), and managers (n = 6). The findings supported the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing self-reported speeding and promoting greater insight into one’s behaviour on the road. This research has important practical implications in that it highlights the value of developing an intervention based on a sound theoretical framework and which is aligned with the needs and beliefs of personnel within a particular organisation

IMPROVING YOUNG DRIVER PERCEPTIONS OF VULNERABLE ROAD USERS THROUGH A PERSUASIVE INTERVENTION

Vulnerable road users (VRUs), including bicyclists, pedestrians, and road users of other modalities, are at a higher risk of collision with young drivers when a complex traffic situation presents itself. Past research has established the importance of young drivers’ perceptions about VRUs that would encourage safe behavior. This research designed and evaluated a novel persuasive intervention that can help improve the perceptions of young drivers while they interact with VRUs. The study identified young drivers’ perceptions towards VRUs who have been licensed in the past 12 to 18 months through structured interviews. Based on these findings, an interactive intervention was designed and evaluated that persuades young drivers to improve their interactions with VRUs. The results showed an improvement in self-reported violations among groups who received the intervention or the control. Additionally, participants who received a citation showed lower violations and lapses in the intervention and control groups compared to those who did not receive any treatment. The outcome of this research is a methodology that can help design future interventions for improving young driving behavior by understanding their perceptions, and continuously assess their performance during the intervention period

A conceptual framework on the role of road safety management intervention in overcoming road accident

Road accident is a critical problem faced by most countries around the world. Literature showed that human factors contribute the most with 80% of the road accidents in Malaysia. Traffic violation behaviour is one of the human factors leading to the road accident causation. To overcome the drivers' traffic violation behaviour and reduce the accident involvement statistics, the Malaysian government has implemented road safety management intervention of soft enforcement approaches (road safety campaign, education and training) and hard enforcement approaches (penalty, surveillance, fines and tickets). The objective of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of road safety management intervention through the implementation of soft and hard enforcement approaches in overcoming the road accident involvement. Literatures demonstrated inconsistent findings on the effectiveness of the soft and hard enforcement approaches, which further suggest these variables as the moderators for this study. This study will be conducted on young drivers within the age of 18 to 25 years old who have been involved in road accident within the past 12 months. The research finding will provides the answer for accident involvement among young drivers and further confirms the effectiveness of road safety intervention in Malaysia

Behaviour change and Pay-As-You-Drive insurance. Rewards, punishment, and persuasive information delivery:PAYD-1. Feedback from Pay-As-You-Drive insurance, both outside and inside the car

Pay-As-You-Drive insurance (PAYD) where insurance customers can be charged directly for when, where, and how they drive, is now possible thanks to modern telematics technology. PAYD addresses many problems with traditional insurance in terms of more fairly, and transparently, charging users for their driving behaviour and lessens the impacts of insurance on lower socioeconomic groups in particular (Adkins, 2004; Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Litman, 2005a; Litman, 2011). Indeed, some estimates of PAYD in the USA have suggested that if it was implemented two thirds of households would benefit, with savings of around 270 USD per car per year (Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Litman, 2011). However, PAYD insurance does not only have the potential to benefit individuals. Rather, it is estimated to have significant societal impacts, including possible reductions in mileage of up to 8-12% (Adkins, 2004; Balcombe et al., 2004; Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Harvey & Deakin, 1998; Litman, 2005a; Litman, 2011), which could then be associated with accident reductions of 12-18% (Litman, 2011). Furthermore, it is also estimated that even an 8% reduction in mileage would reduce CO2 emissions by 2% and petrol consumption by 4%. This reduction in petrol consumption would be equivalent to the effect of a 1 USD per gallon increase in the price of petrol (Bordoff & Noel, 2008). It is also estimated that PAYD insurance may reduce the profits of insurance companies (Adkins, 2004; Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Litman, 2011). It is therefore recommended that, due to the significant societal gains associated with PAYD insurance, governments examine what they can do to help encourage PAYD insurance despite the potential costs to insurance companies (Adkins, 2004; Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Litman, 2011)

Behaviour change and Pay-As-You-Drive insurance. Rewards, punishment, and persuasive information delivery:PAYD-1. Feedback from Pay-As-You-Drive insurance, both outside and inside the car

Pay-As-You-Drive insurance (PAYD) where insurance customers can be charged directly for when, where, and how they drive, is now possible thanks to modern telematics technology. PAYD addresses many problems with traditional insurance in terms of more fairly, and transparently, charging users for their driving behaviour and lessens the impacts of insurance on lower socioeconomic groups in particular (Adkins, 2004; Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Litman, 2005a; Litman, 2011). Indeed, some estimates of PAYD in the USA have suggested that if it was implemented two thirds of households would benefit, with savings of around 270 USD per car per year (Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Litman, 2011). However, PAYD insurance does not only have the potential to benefit individuals. Rather, it is estimated to have significant societal impacts, including possible reductions in mileage of up to 8-12% (Adkins, 2004; Balcombe et al., 2004; Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Harvey & Deakin, 1998; Litman, 2005a; Litman, 2011), which could then be associated with accident reductions of 12-18% (Litman, 2011). Furthermore, it is also estimated that even an 8% reduction in mileage would reduce CO2 emissions by 2% and petrol consumption by 4%. This reduction in petrol consumption would be equivalent to the effect of a 1 USD per gallon increase in the price of petrol (Bordoff & Noel, 2008). It is also estimated that PAYD insurance may reduce the profits of insurance companies (Adkins, 2004; Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Litman, 2011). It is therefore recommended that, due to the significant societal gains associated with PAYD insurance, governments examine what they can do to help encourage PAYD insurance despite the potential costs to insurance companies (Adkins, 2004; Bordoff & Noel, 2008; Litman, 2011)

Attitudinal segmentaion of drivers in Pakistan: The potential for effective road safety campaigns

Deviant driving behaviors are considered as the main cause of Road Traffic Accidents in Pakistan. This research is founded on the premise that driving behaviors are mediated by attitudinal and motivational factors. It advocates that rather than simply aggregating drivers’ responses or a-priori classification of them based on their personal characteristics, adoption of segmentation technique is more useful to look at multiple factors provoking aberrant driving behavior in combination and not just in isolation. For this, the study generated an Attitudinal Questionnaire, inspired by the Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB: Ajzen, 1991), and extended violation-scale of modified Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ: Lawton et al., 1997). Attitudinal and behavioral items are first factor analyzed. Then, cluster analysis is performed on extracted attitudinal factors which classified sample driving population into four relatively homogenous and distinct groups of drivers. The results demonstrated the explanatory utility of the market segmentation approach to systematically relate the interaction between attitudes, behaviors and socio-demographic characteristics of drivers. It is concluded that the approach is successful in distinguishing safe drivers from unsafe driver and therefore, can legitimately form the basis of road safety interventions. Finally, the findings are used to recommend targeted information-based road safety solutions with a focus on the diverse characteristics of each of the identified segments

Playing it safe : A literature review and research agenda on motivational technologies in transportation safety

While motivation affects safety-related decision-making and human reliability, technologies to promote it are scarcely used. We have only recently witnessed how motivational technologies, including serious games, gamification, and persuasive technologies have emerged on the palette of methods for enhancing transportation safety. However, the research on these technologies for transportation safety is fragmented, preventing future studies and practical efforts. This paper describes the state-of-the-art through a systematic review to address this issue. Analyzing 62 studies, we perceive that motivational technologies focus on reducing the accident likelihood and mitigating their consequences. While these technologies can induce positive psychological change and improve learning, the evidence of behavioral change is mainly limited to simulation settings, lacking examination of the long-term benefits and potential adverse effects. Our results highlight the importance of aligning motivational design with the cognitive demand of the transportation task and the means for improving safety. Future research should explore how motivational technologies can enhance safety from the system design perspective, cover a broader scope of transportation modes, compare their effects to conventional approaches while considering social aspects in their design and evaluation. Beside providing an overview of the area and future directions, this paper also introduces design recommendations to guide practitioners.publishedVersionPeer reviewe