Liquid Oil Synthesis Using Pyrolysis with Natural Zeolite Catalyst

Currently, the rapid population growth is increase makes fuel needs increases and fuel availability’s increasingly limited. Utilization of LDPE and PP plastic waste can be an alternative in processing waste into fuel. This research aimed to analyze effect of using calcined natural zeolite catalyst and plastic composition on the pyrolysis oil product characteristics. Pyrolysis was carried out for 4 hours at a temperature of 3250C on LDPE and PP plastic waste to produce oil. Plastic composition for pyrolysisconsist of LPDE 100%, LDPE 75%: PP 25%, and LDPE 25%: PP 75%. The mass of the catalyst used in the pyrolysis process is 0.75 kg. Pyrolysis oil product test parametersconsisting of density, flash point, kinematic viscosity, caloric value, and chemical composition. The results of this study indicate that increasethe PP composition in the pyrolysis process tends to cause a decrease in oil yield. The maximum oil yield obtained was 23.03% in sample with LDPE 100%. The characteristics of the pyrolysis oil were obtained including a density of 743−753 kg/m3, a viscosity of 0.417−0.442 cSt, a flash point of 26.94-27.22oC, a caloric value of 45.73−45.98 MJ/kg. Hydrocarbon content of pyrolysis oil light fraction has similarities to hydrocarbon content of gasoline which is composed of C4−C11 carbon atoms.Currently, the rapid population growth is increase makes fuel needs increases and fuel availability’s increasingly limited. Utilization of LDPE and PP plastic waste can be an alternative in processing waste into fuel. This research aimed to analyze effect of using calcined natural zeolite catalyst and plastic composition on the pyrolysis oil product characteristics. Pyrolysis was carried out for 4 hours at a temperature of 3250C on LDPE and PP plastic waste to produce oil. Plastic composition for pyrolysisconsist of LPDE 100%, LDPE 75%: PP 25%, and LDPE 25%: PP 75%. The mass of the catalyst used in the pyrolysis process is 0.75 kg. Pyrolysis oil product test parametersconsisting of density, flash point, kinematic viscosity, caloric value, and chemical composition. The results of this study indicate that increasethe PP composition in the pyrolysis process tends to cause a decrease in oil yield. The maximum oil yield obtained was 23.03% in sample with LDPE 100%. The characteristics of the pyrolysis oil were obtained including a density of 743−753 kg/m3, a viscosity of 0.417−0.442 cSt, a flash point of 26.94-27.22oC, a caloric value of 45.73−45.98 MJ/kg. Hydrocarbon content of pyrolysis oil light fraction has similarities to hydrocarbon content of gasoline which is composed of C4−C11 carbon atoms

Pyrolysis and catalytic cracking of municipal plastic waste for recovery of gasoline range hydrocarbons

Plastic is an indispensable part of our daily life. Its production and consumption has been rising very rapidly due to its wide range of application. Due to its non biodegradable nature it cannot be easily disposed off. So, nowadays new technology is being used to treat the waste plasic. One of such process is pyrolysis. This paper describes non catalytic pyrolysis and catalytic cracking of plastic wastes into useful gasoline range hydrocarbons. Under the pyrolytic and cracking conditions the plastic wastes can be decomposed into three fractions: gas, liquid and solid residue. Here the main consideration is the recovery of liquid products which are composed of higher boiling point hydrocarbons. The waste plastics consisting of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was pyrolyzed in this study. Pyrolysis appears to be a technique that is able to reduce a bulky, high polluting industrial waste while producing energy and/or valuable chemical compounds. The pyrolysis of plastic wastes produces a whole spectrum of hydrocarbons including paraffins, olefins, naphthalenes and aromatics. By catalytic cracking more aromatics and naphthene in the range of C6-C8 which are valuable gasoline range hydrocarbons can be produced. Different catalysts like Silica Alumina, Modernite and Activated Carbon were used for catalytic cracking. The catalysts were used in different ratios with feed to find out the optimum range at which maximum yield occurs. The liquid product yield is about 60% in all the cases. In thermal pyrolysis, the product obtained gets solidified but in catalytic cracking good liquid product can be obtained which can be used as fuel. This application is further combined with technologies of municipal plastic wastes collection, classification and pretreatment at front end and product purification and testing at back end to determine the properties of the various products obtained

Performance of Different Catalysts for the In Situ Cracking of the Oil-Waxes Obtained by the Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Film Waste

The author Lucía Quesada acknowledges the financial support provided by the Ministry of Education (Spain) through Research Grant FPU18/01293.Currently, society is facing a great environmental problem, due to the large amount of plastic waste generated, most of which is not subjected to any type of treatment. In this work, polyethylene film waste from the non-selectively collected fraction was catalytically pyrolyzed at 500 ◦C, 20 ◦C/min for 2 h, in a discontinuous reactor using nitrogen as an inert gas stream. The main objective of this paper is to find catalysts that decrease the viscosity of the liquid fraction, since this property is quite meaningful in thermal pyrolysis. For this purpose, the three products of catalytic pyrolysis, the gaseous fraction, the solid fraction and the liquid fraction, were separated, obtaining the yield values. After that, the aspect of the liquid fraction was studied, differentiating which catalysts produced a larger quantity of waxy fraction and which ones did not. The viscosity of these samples was measured in order to confirm the catalysts that helped to obtain a less waxy fraction. The results showed that the zeolites Y and the zeolites β used in this study favor the obtaining of a compound with a smaller amount of waxes than for example catalysts such as FCC, ZSM-5 or SnCl2.Ministry of Education (Spain) FPU18/01293Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Granad

Characteristics of plastic waste processing in the modern recycling plant operating in Poland

Although Poland is one of the leading recipients of the waste stream in the European Union (EU), it is at the same time below the average in terms of efficiency of their use/utilization. The adopted technological solutions cause waste processing rates to be relatively low in Poland. As a result, the report of the Early Warning and Response System (EWRS) of the EU indicated Poland as one of the 14 countries of the EU which are at risk in terms of possibility of achieving 50% recycling of waste. This article discusses the implemented technological solutions, and shows the profitability of the investment and the values of the process heat demand both for extractor and reactor. The experimental part analyzed the composition of the input and output of the process and compared it to the required fuel specifications. Attention was drawn to the need to improve the recycling process in order to increase the quality of manufactured fuel components. As potential ways of solving the problem of low fuel quality, cleaning the sorted reaction mass from solid particles and extending the technological line with a distillation column have been proposed. The recommended direction of improvement of the technology is also the optimization of the process of the reactor’s purification and removal of contaminants

Characterization of the Different Oils Obtained through the Catalytic In Situ Pyrolysis of Polyethylene Film from Municipal Solid Waste

This work is part of the project PID2019-108826RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.Nowadays, the thermal and catalytic decomposition of plastic wastes by pyrolysis is one of the best alternatives to convert these wastes into quality fuel oils, thus replenishing some petroleum resources. This work studied the catalytic pyrolysis of polyethylene film waste from the remaining organic fraction on different catalysts under dynamic operating conditions in a batch reactor. These catalysts have been characterized through isotherms of adsorption-desorption with N2 and X-ray powder diffraction for structural characterization to see the differences in their use. The results obtained have been compared with the pyrolysis of the same material without a catalyst. Special attention has been paid to the similarities and differences with thermal pyrolysis. The characterization of the liquid fraction, including physical and chemical properties, has been carried out. The liquid yield varies from 37 to 43%; it has good calorific values of 46–48 MJ/kg, an average density of 0.82 g/cm3, and a fairly low viscosity compared to the product without the catalyst. Other properties like the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity or pH were also determined and found to be similar to conventional fuels. Oils are mainly composed of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The general distribution of carbons is C7 to C31. Finally, a detailed analysis of the composition of liquid products shows they present heavy naphtha, kerosene, and diesel fractions in different proportions in the function of the catalyst used.PID2019-108826RB-I00MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS AND FUELS FROM THE FAST PYROLYSIS OF WASTE POLYOLEFIN PLASTICS

The increasing amount of plastic waste (PW) generation has become an important concern due to the leveled-off recycling rates. Therefore, governmental agencies around the world, including state governments in the United States, have proposed initiatives to minimize the amount of PW that is landfilled and encourage recycling or energy recovery. Circular economy is a strategy that attempts on reusing PW to produce new polymers while avoiding its disposal and the use of virgin material. Chemical recycling raises an interesting technology prospect due to the potential reduction of pollutant emissions and the establishment of a circular economy through the production of monomers and fuels. This dissertation initially presents a resource assessment for available MSW in Mexico and concludes that when the organic and polyolefin plastic components are converted to liquid hydrocarbon transportation biofuels through a pyrolysis-based pathway, up to 7% of Mexico’s transportation-fuel consumption could be met. A preliminary carbon footprint analysis (CFA) shows that liquid transportation biofuels from the organic portion of MSW (paper, packaging, wood, yard trimmings) sequesters 9.5 g CO2 eq. per MJ biofuel, with significant pathway credits due to avoiding landfill CH4 emissions. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the conversion of the polyolefin plastic in the MSW are positive (88 g CO2 eq. per MJ), though still lower than current fossil transportation fuels in Mexico (95.5 g CO2 eq. per MJ). In this Ph.D. research, pyrolysis vapors from waste high density polyethylene (HDPE) were subjected to secondary degradation by varying the temperature and vapor residence time (VRT) in the reaction zone of a newly-designed two-stage micropyrolysis reactor (TSMR). Temperature and VRT variations showed a strong effect on the product distribution, with low temperature (625 ºC) and short VRT (1.4 s) producing a wide range of gases and liquid products and with high temperature (675 ºC) and long VRT (5.6 s) producing mostly hydrocarbon gases (monomers) and mono- and poly-aromatics. The last two chapters of the dissertation present a novel multiproduct/multiprocessing pyrolysis-based refinery design for the conversion of 500 tonnes/day of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste. The products obtained from the refinery are chemical grade ethylene and propylene, an aromatics mixture, and low- and high-molecular weight hydrocarbon mixtures (MWHCs). The energy efficiency was 72 and 77% for the base case and the heat integrated (HI) refinery, respectively. The net present values (NPVs) were 367 and 383 million U.S. dollars (MM USD), for the base case and the heat integrated process, respectively. The CFA results show that the GHG emissions of all products; ethylene, propylene, aromatics mixture, low molecular weight (MW) hydrocarbons (HCs), and high MW HCs, are equal to or less than fossil products for the HI scenario assuming US average electricity grid. Finally, the evaluation of regional electricity grids on GHG emissions for all products was conducted for all 50 states in the US. These results suggest energetic, economic, and environmental sustainability of the design and its promising application on an industrial scale. This dissertation ends with overall conclusions and recommendations for future research

Recycling of Waste Plastics into Pyrolytic Fuels and Their Use in IC Engines

The energy crisis and environmental destruction are the principal problems in the present day due to the rapid industrialization and growing population. Degradation of solid waste such as plastic bottles, grocery bags, etc. in nature takes many years. Besides, plastic disposing methods like landfill, reusing, and burning can create severe risks to the human health and environment. Therefore, plastic must be kept under control from damaging the environment. One of the most favorable and effective disposing methods is pyrolysis, which is an environmentally friendly and efficient way. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of solid wastes at high temperatures to produce pyrolytic oil. The pyrolytic oil produced is converted into pyrolytic fuel very similar to diesel or gasoline by upgrading. The calorific value of the pyrolytic fuel is similar to that of diesel and gasoline. Pyrolytic fuel can be used in internal combustion engines without significant loss in engine performance. Besides, some engine emissions, especially smoke opacity and CO and HC emissions, improve when used with additives or when the engine’s operating conditions such as compression ratio and ignition timing are changed. However, NOx emission is very similar to diesel fuel, too