License to Supervise:Influence of Driving Automation on Driver Licensing

To use highly automated vehicles while a driver remains responsible for safe driving, places new – yet demanding, requirements on the human operator. This is because the automation creates a gap between drivers’ responsibility and the human capabilities to take responsibility, especially for unexpected or time-critical transitions of control. This gap is not being addressed by current practises of driver licensing. Based on literature review, this research collects drivers’ requirements to enable safe transitions in control attuned to human capabilities. This knowledge is intended to help system developers and authorities to identify the requirements on human operators to (re)take responsibility for safe driving after automation

Opportunities for olfactory interaction in an automotive context

Driving is a highly visual task. Nevertheless, it is a process that involves other senses as well. When we drive, we touch the steering wheel; we listen to what is happening around us, and, even if we are not paying attention to that, we smell what is happening with the car or around it. A scent of gasoline, the burning rubber, the plastic heated up by the sunlight - these are just a few examples. Smell is a very important sense for driving, though it has not been studied much in this context [85], despite being able to provide a much more vivid experience than any other human sense [80]. This thesis aims to fill this gap by investigating opportunities for olfactory interaction in an automotive context. The thesis is mainly focused on designing a scent-delivery device suitable for in-car interaction, on the topic of delivering driving-relevant notifications using scents, and on studying the effects scents have on the driving performance and behaviour, as well as the driver’s mood and well-being. This paper-style PhD thesis consists of two parts. Part II is a collection of seven published papers written in the scope of this thesis, and Part I describes how these papers build a coherent story. Part I starts with an introduction (see Chapter 1) that covers the research questions and contributions of the thesis. It continues with a summary of the background research (see Chapter 2). This overview part then moves on to the description of the approach (see Chapter 3) that covers the process of designing the scent delivery device, the olfactory interaction space, and the studies conducted throughout this PhD. Chapter 4 then summarises the core findings of each study, which are finally discussed in Chapter 5. Part I finishes with a conclusion (see Chapter 6)

Nutzerorientierte Gestaltung haptischer Signale in der Lenkung: Zum Einsatz direktionaler Lenkradvibrationen in Fahrerassistenzsystemen

Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich dem Einsatz von Lenkradvibrationen zur Informationsübermittlung an der Schnittstelle zwischen Fahrzeug und Fahrer unter Berücksichtigung physiologischer und psychologischer Aspekte. Als besondere Eigenschaft wird die Möglichkeit zur Erzeugung örtlich aufgelöster Vibrationen erkannt. Damit ist es möglich, über einseitige Lenkradvibrationen Richtungsinformationen an Fahrer zu kommunizieren. In drei Hauptstudien werden mit insgesamt 150 Probanden verschiedene Aspekte der Fahrerreaktion auf einseitige Lenkradvibrationen untersucht. Zunächst wird in einem grundlegenden Laborexperiment die intuitive Reaktion auf einseitige Lenkradvibrationen ermittelt. Im Anschluss wird die subjektive Präferenz der einseitigen Lenkradvibration in der Anwendung als Spurverlassenswarnsignal nachgewiesen. Zuletzt wird der Versuch unternommen, die einseitige Lenkradvibration zur Initiierung einer Ausweichreaktion in einer drohenden Frontalkollisionssituation einzusetzen.In this work applications of steering wheel vibrations are discussed. Tactile excitations that are perceived with mechanosensors in the skin of the human palm are explicitly focussed to differentiate from the state of the art. Because of the compatibility of the location of stimulus and response, haptic signals at the steering wheel are advantageously utilized to influence lateral vehicle guidance. The thesis summarizes findings of the psychophysical perception of tactile steering wheel vibrations and supplements these findings with new insights on the effect of variations in specific stimulus parameters on the perceived intensity and interpretation of messages transfered by vibrations at the steering wheel. A peculiar feature of vibro-tactile stimulation is the possibility to produce spatially distributed vibrations, which allows for communication of information on direction to the driver. Based on a review of the literature, a subjective preference of lane departure warning signals relying on vibro-tactile excitation and comprising information on directionality is hypothesized. This thesis therefore focusses on single-sided steering wheel vibrations. A single-sided vibro-tactile stimulation is assumed to be semantically associated with the rumble phenomenon induced in case of lane deparuture, thus facilitating the interpretation of the warning signal and leading to an enhancement of driver reactions when utilized as a lane departure warning signal. Three main studies examining a total of 150 subjects were conducted to reveal specific aspects of driver reactions towards single-sided steering wheel vibrations. First of all, a fundamental laboratory study examined intuitive reactions on single-sided steering wheel vibrations, legitimizing the stimulus-response mapping necessary to utilize this kind of signal as a lane departure warning signal. The second study confirmed the subjective predominance of the single-sided vibration as a lane departure warning signal when comparing this signal to alternative haptic warning signals at the steering wheel that were previously optimized for this application. In a final step, the third study examined the possible application of the single-sided steering wheel vibration to initiate an evasive steering reaction in case of an imminent forward collision situation Based on the results of the experimental studies conducted in this work, the utilization of the single-sided steering wheel vibration as a lane departure warning signal is strongly recommended. The signal both transfers the reason for the warning and recommends an action in a discrete and unintrusive manner. Any further application of the single-sided vibration, particularly the advice on a steering reaction in a collision situation, which was originally favored, can not be supported based on the present work

Proceedings of the NASA Conference on Space Telerobotics, volume 1

The theme of the Conference was man-machine collaboration in space. Topics addressed include: redundant manipulators; man-machine systems; telerobot architecture; remote sensing and planning; navigation; neural networks; fundamental AI research; and reasoning under uncertainty

NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION WITH PHYSIOLOGICAL SENSORS. THE AESTHETIC DOMAIN OF WEARABLES AND NEURAL NETWORKS

Historically, communication implies the transfer of information between bodies, yet this phenomenon is constantly adapting to new technological and cultural standards. In a digital context, it’s commonplace to envision systems that revolve around verbal modalities. However, behavioural analysis grounded in psychology research calls attention to the emotional information disclosed by non-verbal social cues, in particular, actions that are involuntary. This notion has circulated heavily into various interdisciplinary computing research fields, from which multiple studies have arisen, correlating non-verbal activity to socio-affective inferences. These are often derived from some form of motion capture and other wearable sensors, measuring the ‘invisible’ bioelectrical changes that occur from inside the body. This thesis proposes a motivation and methodology for using physiological sensory data as an expressive resource for technology-mediated interactions. Initialised from a thorough discussion on state-of-the-art technologies and established design principles regarding this topic, then applied to a novel approach alongside a selection of practice works to compliment this. We advocate for aesthetic experience, experimenting with abstract representations. Atypically from prevailing Affective Computing systems, the intention is not to infer or classify emotion but rather to create new opportunities for rich gestural exchange, unconfined to the verbal domain. Given the preliminary proposition of non-representation, we justify a correspondence with modern Machine Learning and multimedia interaction strategies, applying an iterative, human-centred approach to improve personalisation without the compromising emotional potential of bodily gesture. Where related studies in the past have successfully provoked strong design concepts through innovative fabrications, these are typically limited to simple linear, one-to-one mappings and often neglect multi-user environments; we foresee a vast potential. In our use cases, we adopt neural network architectures to generate highly granular biofeedback from low-dimensional input data. We present the following proof-of-concepts: Breathing Correspondence, a wearable biofeedback system inspired by Somaesthetic design principles; Latent Steps, a real-time auto-encoder to represent bodily experiences from sensor data, designed for dance performance; and Anti-Social Distancing Ensemble, an installation for public space interventions, analysing physical distance to generate a collective soundscape. Key findings are extracted from the individual reports to formulate an extensive technical and theoretical framework around this topic. The projects first aim to embrace some alternative perspectives already established within Affective Computing research. From here, these concepts evolve deeper, bridging theories from contemporary creative and technical practices with the advancement of biomedical technologies.Historicamente, os processos de comunicação implicam a transferência de informação entre organismos, mas este fenómeno está constantemente a adaptar-se a novos padrões tecnológicos e culturais. Num contexto digital, é comum encontrar sistemas que giram em torno de modalidades verbais. Contudo, a análise comportamental fundamentada na investigação psicológica chama a atenção para a informação emocional revelada por sinais sociais não verbais, em particular, acções que são involuntárias. Esta noção circulou fortemente em vários campos interdisciplinares de investigação na área das ciências da computação, dos quais surgiram múltiplos estudos, correlacionando a actividade nãoverbal com inferências sócio-afectivas. Estes são frequentemente derivados de alguma forma de captura de movimento e sensores “wearable”, medindo as alterações bioeléctricas “invisíveis” que ocorrem no interior do corpo. Nesta tese, propomos uma motivação e metodologia para a utilização de dados sensoriais fisiológicos como um recurso expressivo para interacções mediadas pela tecnologia. Iniciada a partir de uma discussão aprofundada sobre tecnologias de ponta e princípios de concepção estabelecidos relativamente a este tópico, depois aplicada a uma nova abordagem, juntamente com uma selecção de trabalhos práticos, para complementar esta. Defendemos a experiência estética, experimentando com representações abstractas. Contrariamente aos sistemas de Computação Afectiva predominantes, a intenção não é inferir ou classificar a emoção, mas sim criar novas oportunidades para uma rica troca gestual, não confinada ao domínio verbal. Dada a proposta preliminar de não representação, justificamos uma correspondência com estratégias modernas de Machine Learning e interacção multimédia, aplicando uma abordagem iterativa e centrada no ser humano para melhorar a personalização sem o potencial emocional comprometedor do gesto corporal. Nos casos em que estudos anteriores demonstraram com sucesso conceitos de design fortes através de fabricações inovadoras, estes limitam-se tipicamente a simples mapeamentos lineares, um-para-um, e muitas vezes negligenciam ambientes multi-utilizadores; com este trabalho, prevemos um potencial alargado. Nos nossos casos de utilização, adoptamos arquitecturas de redes neurais para gerar biofeedback altamente granular a partir de dados de entrada de baixa dimensão. Apresentamos as seguintes provas de conceitos: Breathing Correspondence, um sistema de biofeedback wearable inspirado nos princípios de design somaestético; Latent Steps, um modelo autoencoder em tempo real para representar experiências corporais a partir de dados de sensores, concebido para desempenho de dança; e Anti-Social Distancing Ensemble, uma instalação para intervenções no espaço público, analisando a distância física para gerar uma paisagem sonora colectiva. Os principais resultados são extraídos dos relatórios individuais, para formular um quadro técnico e teórico alargado para expandir sobre este tópico. Os projectos têm como primeiro objectivo abraçar algumas perspectivas alternativas às que já estão estabelecidas no âmbito da investigação da Computação Afectiva. A partir daqui, estes conceitos evoluem mais profundamente, fazendo a ponte entre as teorias das práticas criativas e técnicas contemporâneas com o avanço das tecnologias biomédicas

Understanding receptivity to interruptions in mobile human-computer interaction

Interruptions have a profound impact on our attentional orientation in everyday life. Recent advances in mobile information technology increase the number of potentially disruptive notifications on mobile devices by an increasing availability of services. Understanding the contextual intricacies that make us receptive to these interruptions is paramount to devising technology that supports interruption management. This thesis makes a number of contributions to the methodology of studying mobile experiences in situ, understanding receptivity to interruptions, and designing context-sensitive systems. This thesis presents a series of real-world studies that investigate opportune moments for interruptions in mobile settings. In order to facilitate the study of the multi-faceted ways opportune moments surface from participants' involvement in the world this thesis develops: - a model of the contextual factors that interact to guide receptivity to interruptions, and - an adaptation of the Experience-Sampling Method (ESM) to capture behavioural response to interruptions in situ. In two naturalistic experiments, participants' experiences of being interrupted on a mobile phone are sampled as they go about their everyday lives. In a field study, participants' experiences are observed and recorded as they use a notification-driven mobile application to create photo-stories in a theme park. Experiment 1 explores the effects of content and time of delivery of the interruption. The results show that receptivity to text messages is significantly affected by message content, while scheduling one's own interruption times in advance does not improve receptivity over randomly timed interruptions. Experiment 2 investigates the hypothesis that opportune moments to deliver notifications are located at the endings of episodes of mobile interaction such as texting and calling. This notification strategy is supported by significant effects in behavioural measures of receptivity, while self-reports and interviews reveal complexities in the subjective experience of the interruption. By employing a mixed methods approach of interviews, observations and an analysis of system logs in the field study, it is shown that participants appreciated location-based notifications as prompts to foreground the application during relative 'downtimes' from other activities. However, an unexpected quantity of redundant notifications meant that visitors soon habituated to and eventually ignored them, which suggests careful, sparing use of notifications in interactive experiences. Overall, the studies showed that contextual mediation of the timing of interruptions (e.g. by phone activity in Experiment 2 and opportune places in the field study) is more likely to lead to interruptions at opportune moments than when participants schedule their own interruptions. However, momentary receptivity and responsiveness to an interruption is determined by the complex and situated interactions of local and relational contextual factors. These contextual factors are captured in a model of receptivity that underlies the interruption process. The studies highlight implications for the design of systems that seek to manage interruptions by adapting the timing of interruptions to the user's situation. In particular, applications to manage interruptions in personal communication and pervasive experiences are considered

Understanding receptivity to interruptions in mobile human-computer interaction

Interruptions have a profound impact on our attentional orientation in everyday life. Recent advances in mobile information technology increase the number of potentially disruptive notifications on mobile devices by an increasing availability of services. Understanding the contextual intricacies that make us receptive to these interruptions is paramount to devising technology that supports interruption management. This thesis makes a number of contributions to the methodology of studying mobile experiences in situ, understanding receptivity to interruptions, and designing context-sensitive systems. This thesis presents a series of real-world studies that investigate opportune moments for interruptions in mobile settings. In order to facilitate the study of the multi-faceted ways opportune moments surface from participants' involvement in the world this thesis develops: - a model of the contextual factors that interact to guide receptivity to interruptions, and - an adaptation of the Experience-Sampling Method (ESM) to capture behavioural response to interruptions in situ. In two naturalistic experiments, participants' experiences of being interrupted on a mobile phone are sampled as they go about their everyday lives. In a field study, participants' experiences are observed and recorded as they use a notification-driven mobile application to create photo-stories in a theme park. Experiment 1 explores the effects of content and time of delivery of the interruption. The results show that receptivity to text messages is significantly affected by message content, while scheduling one's own interruption times in advance does not improve receptivity over randomly timed interruptions. Experiment 2 investigates the hypothesis that opportune moments to deliver notifications are located at the endings of episodes of mobile interaction such as texting and calling. This notification strategy is supported by significant effects in behavioural measures of receptivity, while self-reports and interviews reveal complexities in the subjective experience of the interruption. By employing a mixed methods approach of interviews, observations and an analysis of system logs in the field study, it is shown that participants appreciated location-based notifications as prompts to foreground the application during relative 'downtimes' from other activities. However, an unexpected quantity of redundant notifications meant that visitors soon habituated to and eventually ignored them, which suggests careful, sparing use of notifications in interactive experiences. Overall, the studies showed that contextual mediation of the timing of interruptions (e.g. by phone activity in Experiment 2 and opportune places in the field study) is more likely to lead to interruptions at opportune moments than when participants schedule their own interruptions. However, momentary receptivity and responsiveness to an interruption is determined by the complex and situated interactions of local and relational contextual factors. These contextual factors are captured in a model of receptivity that underlies the interruption process. The studies highlight implications for the design of systems that seek to manage interruptions by adapting the timing of interruptions to the user's situation. In particular, applications to manage interruptions in personal communication and pervasive experiences are considered

Human Integration Design Processes (HIDP)

The purpose of the Human Integration Design Processes (HIDP) document is to provide human-systems integration design processes, including methodologies and best practices that NASA has used to meet human systems and human rating requirements for developing crewed spacecraft. HIDP content is framed around human-centered design methodologies and processes in support of human-system integration requirements and human rating. NASA-STD-3001, Space Flight Human-System Standard, is a two-volume set of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Agency-level standards established by the Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer, directed at minimizing health and performance risks for flight crews in human space flight programs. Volume 1 of NASA-STD-3001, Crew Health, sets standards for fitness for duty, space flight permissible exposure limits, permissible outcome limits, levels of medical care, medical diagnosis, intervention, treatment and care, and countermeasures. Volume 2 of NASASTD- 3001, Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health, focuses on human physical and cognitive capabilities and limitations and defines standards for spacecraft (including orbiters, habitats, and suits), internal environments, facilities, payloads, and related equipment, hardware, and software with which the crew interfaces during space operations. The NASA Procedural Requirements (NPR) 8705.2B, Human-Rating Requirements for Space Systems, specifies the Agency's human-rating processes, procedures, and requirements. The HIDP was written to share NASA's knowledge of processes directed toward achieving human certification of a spacecraft through implementation of human-systems integration requirements. Although the HIDP speaks directly to implementation of NASA-STD-3001 and NPR 8705.2B requirements, the human-centered design, evaluation, and design processes described in this document can be applied to any set of human-systems requirements and are independent of reference missions. The HIDP is a reference document that is intended to be used during the development of crewed space systems and operations to guide human-systems development process activities

Fourth Annual Workshop on Space Operations Applications and Research (SOAR 90)

The proceedings of the SOAR workshop are presented. The technical areas included are as follows: Automation and Robotics; Environmental Interactions; Human Factors; Intelligent Systems; and Life Sciences. NASA and Air Force programmatic overviews and panel sessions were also held in each technical area