Currency security and forensics: a survey

By its definition, the word currency refers to an agreed medium for exchange, a nation’s currency is the formal medium enforced by the elected governing entity. Throughout history, issuers have faced one common threat: counterfeiting. Despite technological advancements, overcoming counterfeit production remains a distant future. Scientific determination of authenticity requires a deep understanding of the raw materials and manufacturing processes involved. This survey serves as a synthesis of the current literature to understand the technology and the mechanics involved in currency manufacture and security, whilst identifying gaps in the current literature. Ultimately, a robust currency is desire

Interim Governments and the Stability of Peace

After intrastate armed conflict, what properties of interim governments increase the stability of post-interim peace? Previous research on interim governments has often relied on evidence gathered through under-theorized and non-comparative case studies, making findings difficult to generalize. The literature also tends to concentrate on studying the institutional designs of interim governments as explanatory variables, while neglecting the variety of reforms such governments implement. To address these shortcomings, this dissertation develops a bargaining model on how interim governments increase the stability of post-interim peace by mitigating credible commitment problems of warring parties. This bargaining model theorizes that both the institutional designs of interim governments – whether or not they include power-sharing arrangements for the warring parties, as well as whether or not international actors assume political authority during interim rule – as well as their reform processes affect the stability of post-interim peace. It argues for two reform processes in particular. First, it holds that interim governments that implement reforms to integrate the parallel political and military institutions of warring parties (such as shadow governments and non-statutory armed forces) should increase the stability of peace. Second, it argues that interim governments that allow for the participation of unarmed actors in reform processes – such as civil society representatives – should increase the stability of post-interim peace. The dissertation tests these hypotheses by using a mixed-method research design that combines statistical survival analysis with process-tracing in and a comparative analysis of three case studies. In the quantitative analysis, it relies on a novel data set of a sample of all interim governments that followed at least one year of intrastate armed conflict since 1989, and that terminated by 2012. The qualitative case studies, selected under a most-similar system design, include the interim governments of Nepal (2006-2008), Angola (1991-1992), and Cambodia (1991-1993). In sum, results from both quantitative and qualitative analyses show that the reforms implemented by interim governments provide for a better explanation for long-term peace as compared to the institutional designs of such governments. In particular, the dissertation finds strongest support for hypothesis H3 on the integration of parallel political and military institutions into the authority of interim governments. The dissertation concludes by discussing policy implications and avenues for future research

The problem of teaching twofold love: Christian education and a culture of peace in the Great Lakes Region

Practical theology has society as its horizon and should not be limited to a clerical paradigm because Christianity is not limited to a church but its horizon is the whole of society. In line with this understanding of practical theology, this study is a contribution to Christian education for a culture of peace in the Great Lakes region (the DRC, Rwanda and Burundi). Millions of people have been slaughtered in this region where Christianity is the main religion. The Church in this region has lost its credibility and is seen as contributing to a culture of violence through its church leaders and parishioners. This study focuses on the research question: Can teaching twofold love contribute to a culture of peace in the Great Lakes region? The thesis has empirically argued that the cause of turmoil in the Great Lakes region is the lack of twofold love, which has disguised itself in all evils known in the region, such as corruption, hegemony, predation, indirect rule, divide and rule, tribalism, fetishism, mass killings, prostitution, over-trust in modernism and breaking God's Ten Commandments, more than anything else. Humankind finds it difficult to love the neighbour like oneself and this lack of neighbourly love causes unrest in this region. The discussion in chapter three has empirically demonstrated through educational psychology that teaching is love of the learner. Therefore, an effective teacher should be able to give loving care to the learner's spiritual, physical and social needs, in a specific context. This is what Jesus did through verbal and behavioural media (Byrskog, 1994: 321). Such a liberationist teaching that should avoid pouring socially irrelevant knowledge on the learner is still an urgent need in the Great Lakes region. Christian education in this region has been learnt in a rote manner without educating Christians to be problem solvers. The fourth chapter makes practical suggestions on how to deal with the dilemmas of teaching Christian education in the region. Thus the study has empirically confirmed the research hypothesis that an effective teaching of twofold love can contribute to a culture of peace in the Great Lakes region.Philosophy, Practical and Systematic TheologyD. Th. (Practical Theology

The Republican Journal: Vol. 85, No. 50 - December 11,1913

https://digitalmaine.com/rj_1913/1049/thumbnail.jp

New Katowice. The form and ideology of the Polish post-war architecture based on the example of Katowice (1945–1980)

The book is a presentation, as detailed as the available preserve resources allow, of a fragment of the post-war history of Katowice related to the urban and architectural shape of the city centre – from the first post-war architectural competition for the Katowice Main Square to unrealized concepts of the city-centre development from the 1970s. Such a presentation serves to implement the main goal contained in this publication: to present the contribution made by the Silesian architects and urban planners to the development of the post-war architecture and urban planning in Katowice. It was enormous, as evidenced by numerous publications and memories of the architects themselves. Katowice, apart from Warsaw, constituted the most interesting urban and architectural complex of post-war Poland. Th is was noted by a well-known architecture critic, Przemyslaw Szafer, writing: “Katowice is the most popular among urban planners" [...].Książka jest efektem badań naukowych przeprowadzonych w ramach Grantu Narodowego Centrum Nauki nr. 2013/09 / D / HS2 / 01009 pt. „Architektura i urbanistyka lat 60-tych i 70-tych XX wieku na terenie Górnego Śląska i Zagłębia. Forma, ideologia, wpływy, waloryzacja ”

\u3ci\u3eKabul Times\u3c/i\u3e, June 1974

Kabul Times, June 1974 *This is a large file and may take a couple of minutes to download

New Katowice : the form and ideology of the Polish post-war architecture based on the example of Katowice (1945–1980)

The book is a presentation, as detailed as the available preserve resources allow, of a fragment of the post-war history of Katowice related to the urban and architectural shape of the city centre – from the first post-war architectural competition for the Katowice Main Square to unrealized concepts of the city-centre development from the 1970s. Such a presentation serves to implement the main goal contained in this publication: to present the contribution made by the Silesian architects and urban planners to the development of the post-war architecture and urban planning in Katowice. It was enormous, as evidenced by numerous publications and memories of the architects themselves. Katowice, apart from Warsaw, constituted the most interesting urban and architectural complex of post-war Poland. Th is was noted by a well-known architecture critic, Przemyslaw Szafer, writing: “Katowice is the most popular among urban planners" [...].Książka jest efektem badań naukowych przeprowadzonych w ramach Grantu Narodowego Centrum Nauki nr. 2013/09 / D / HS2 / 01009 pt. „Architektura i urbanistyka lat 60-tych i 70-tych XX wieku na terenie Górnego Śląska i Zagłębia. Forma, ideologia, wpływy, waloryzacja ”