576,690 research outputs found
Core higher-order session processes: tractable equivalences and relative expressiveness
This work proposes tractable bisimulations for the higher-order - calculus with session primitives (HO ) and o ers a complete study of the expressivity of its most significant subcalculi. First we develop three typed bisimulations, which are shown to coincide with contextual equivalence. These characterisations demonstrate that observing as inputs only a specific finite set of higher-order values (which inhabit session types) su ces to reason about HO processes. Next, we identify HO, a minimal, second-order subcalculus of HO in which higher-order applications/abstractions, name-passing, and recursion are absent. We show that HO can encode HO extended with higher-order applications and abstractions and that a first-order session -calculus can encode HO . Both encodings are fully abstract. We also prove that the session -calculus with passing of shared names cannot be encoded into HO without shared names. We show that HO , HO, and are equally expressive; the expressivity of HO enables e ective reasoning about typed equivalences for higher-order processes
Witnessing (co)datatypes
Datatypes and codatatypes are useful for specifying and reasoning about (possibly infinite) computational processes. The Isabelle/HOL proof assistant has recently been extended with a definitional package that supports both. We describe a complete procedure for deriving nonemptiness witnesses in the general mutually recursive, nested case—nonemptiness being a proviso for introducing types in higher-order logic
Witnessing (co)datatypes
Datatypes and codatatypes are useful for specifying and reasoning about (possibly infinite) computational processes. The Isabelle/HOL proof assistant has recently been extended with a definitional package that supports both. We describe a complete procedure for deriving nonemptiness witnesses in the general mutually recursive, nested case—nonemptiness being a proviso for introducing types in higher-order logic
HI-TOM: A Benchmark for Evaluating Higher-Order Theory of Mind Reasoning in Large Language Models
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to reason about one's own and others'
mental states. ToM plays a critical role in the development of intelligence,
language understanding, and cognitive processes. While previous work has
primarily focused on first and second-order ToM, we explore higher-order ToM,
which involves recursive reasoning on others' beliefs. We introduce HI-TOM, a
Higher Order Theory of Mind benchmark. Our experimental evaluation using
various Large Language Models (LLMs) indicates a decline in performance on
higher-order ToM tasks, demonstrating the limitations of current LLMs. We
conduct a thorough analysis of different failure cases of LLMs, and share our
thoughts on the implications of our findings on the future of NLP.Comment: Accepted at Findings of EMNLP 202
The development of reasoning heuristics in autism and in typical development
Reasoning and judgment under uncertainty are often based on a limited number of
simplifying heuristics rather than formal logic or rule-based argumentation. Heuristics are
low-effort mental shortcuts, which save time and effort, and usually result in accurate
judgment, but they can also lead to systematic errors and biases when applied
inappropriately. In the past 40 years hundreds of papers have been published on the topic
of heuristics and biases in judgment and decision making. However, we still know
surprisingly little about the development and the cognitive underpinnings of heuristics and
biases.
The main aim of my thesis is to examine these questions. Another aim is to evaluate
the applicability of dual-process theories of reasoning to the development of reasoning.
Dual-process theories claim that there are two types of process underlying higher order
reasoning: fast, automatic, and effortless (Type 1) processes (which are usually associated
with the use of reasoning heuristics), and slow, conscious and effortful (Type 2) processes
(which are usually associated with rule-based reasoning).
This thesis presents eight experiments which investigated the development of
reasoning heuristics in three different populations: typically developing children and
adolescents between the age of 5 and 16, adolescents with autism, and university students.
Although heuristic reasoning is supposed to be basic, simple, and effortless, we have found
evidence that responses that are usually attributed to heuristic processes are positively
correlated with cognitive capacity in the case of young children (even after controlling for
the effects of age). Moreover, we have found that adolescents with autism are less
susceptible to a number of reasoning heuristics than typically developing children. Finally,
our experiments with university students provided evidence that education in statistics
increases the likelihood of the inappropriate use of a certain heuristic (the equiprobability
bias). These results offer a novel insight into the development of reasoning heuristics.
Additionally, they have interesting implications for dual-process theories of reasoning, and
they can also inform the debates about the rationality of reasoning heuristics and biases
Encouraging children to think counterfactually enhances blocking in a causal learning task
According to a higher order reasoning account, inferential reasoning processes underpin the widely observed cue competition effect of blocking in causal learning. The inference required for blocking has been described as modus tollens (if p then q, not q therefore not p). Young children are known to have difficulties with this type of inference, but research with adults suggests that this inference is easier if participants think counterfactually. In this study, 100 children (51 five-year-olds and 49 six- to seven-year-olds) were assigned to two types of pretraining groups. The counterfactual group observed demonstrations of cues paired with outcomes and answered questions about what the outcome would have been if the causal status of cues had been different, whereas the factual group answered factual questions about the same demonstrations. Children then completed a causal learning task. Counterfactual pretraining enhanced levels of blocking as well as modus tollens reasoning but only for the younger children. These findings provide new evidence for an important role for inferential reasoning in causal learning
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