Detecção de eventos violentos em sequências de vídeos baseada no operador histograma da transformada census

Orientador: Hélio PedriniDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: Sistemas de vigilância em sequências de vídeo têm sido amplamente utilizados para o monitoramento de cenas em diversos ambientes, tais como aeroportos, bancos, escolas, indústrias, estações de ônibus e trens, rodovias e lojas. Devido à grande quantidade de informação obtida pelas câmeras de vigilância, o uso de inspeção visual por operadores de câmera se torna uma tarefa cansativa e sujeita a falhas, além de consumir muito tempo. Um desafio é o desenvolvimento de sistemas inteligentes de vigilância capazes de analisar longas sequências de vídeos capturadas por uma rede de câmeras de modo a identificar um determinado comportamento. Neste trabalho, foram propostas e avaliadas diversas técnicas de classificação, tendo como base o operador CENTRIST (Histograma da Transformada Census), no contexto de identificação de eventos violentos em cenas de vídeo. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados outros descritores tradicionais, como HoG (Histograma de Gradientes Orientados), HOF (Histograma do Fluxo Óptico) e descritores extraídos a partir de modelos de aprendizado de máquina profundo pré-treinados. De modo a permitir a avaliação apenas em regiões de interesse presentes nos quadros dos vídeos, técnicas para remoção do fundo da cena. Uma abordagem baseada em janela deslizante foi utilizada para avaliar regiões menores da cena em combinação com um critério de votação. A janela deslizante é então aplicada juntamente com uma filtragem de blocos utilizando fluxo óptico da cena. Para demonstrar a efetividade de nosso método para discriminar violência em cenas de multidões, os resultados obtidos foram comparados com outras abordagens disponíveis na literatura em duas bases de dados públicas (Violence in Crowds e Hockey Fights). A eficácia da combinação entre CENTRIST e HoG foi demonstrada em comparação com a utilização desses operadores individualmente. A combinação desses operadores obteve aproximadamente 88% contra 81% utilizando apenas HoG e 86% utilizando CENTRIST. A partir do refinamento do método proposto, foi identificado que avaliar blocos do quadro com a abordagem de janela deslizante tornou o método mais eficaz. Técnicas para geração de palavras visuais com codificação esparsa, medida de distância com um modelo de misturas Gaussianas e medida de distância entre agrupamentos também foram avaliadas e discutidas. Além disso, também foi avaliado calcular dinamicamente o limiar de votação, o que trouxe resultados melhores em alguns casos. Finalmente, formas de restringir os atores presentes nas cenas utilizando fluxo óptico foram analisadas. Utilizando o método de Otsu para calcular o limiar do fluxo óptico da cena a eficiência supera nossos resultados mais competitivos: 91,46% de acurácia para a base Violence in Crowds e 92,79% para a base Hockey FightsAbstract: Surveillance systems in video sequences have been widely used to monitor scenes in various environments, such as airports, banks, schools, industries, bus and train stations, highways and stores. Due to the large amount of information obtained via surveillance cameras, the use of visual inspection by camera operators becomes a task subject to fatigue and failure, in addition to consuming a lot of time. One challenge is the development of intelligent surveillance systems capable of analyzing long video sequences captured by a network of cameras in order to identify a certain behavior. In this work, we propose and analyze the use of several classification techniques, based on the CENTRIST (Transformation Census Histogram) operator, in the context of identifying violent events in video scenes. Additionally, we evaluated other traditional descriptors, such as HoG (Oriented Gradient Histogram), HOF (Optical Flow Histogram) and descriptors extracted from pre-trained deep machine learning models. In order to allow the evaluation only in regions of interest present in the video frames, we investigated techniques for removing the background from the scene. A sliding window-based approach was used to assess smaller regions of the scene in combination with a voting criterion. The sliding window is then applied along with block filtering using the optical flow of the scene. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method for discriminating violence in crowd scenes, we compared the results to other approaches available in the literature in two public databases (Violence in Crowds and Hockey Fights). The combination of CENTRIST and HoG was demonstrated in comparison to the use of these operators individually. The combination of both operators obtained approximately 88% against 81% using only HoG and 86% using CENTRIST. From the refinement of the proposed method, we identified that evaluating blocks of the frame with the sliding window-based approach made the method more effective. Techniques for generating a codebook with sparse coding, distance measurement with a Gaussian mixture model and distance measurement between clusters were evaluated and discussed. Also we dynamically calculate the threshold for class voting, which obtained superior results in some cases. Finally, strategies for restricting the actors present in the scenes using optical flow were analyzed. By using the Otsu¿s method to calculate the threshold from the optical flow at the scene, the effectiveness surpasses our most competitive results: 91.46% accuracy for the Violence in Crowds dataset and 92.79% for the Hockey Fights datasetMestradoCiência da ComputaçãoMestre em Ciência da Computaçã

"Mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by Tbx1"

Deletion 22q11.2 syndrome (22q11DS) is the most common microdeletion syndrome in man, with an incidence of approximately 1:4000 live births (1); the major malformations include congenital heart defects such as truncus arteriosus (TA) and interrupted aortic arch type B (IAA-B), hypo/aplasia of the parathyroid and thymus glands, and craniofacial dysmorphism. Velo-cardio-facial (VCFS) and DiGeorge syndromes (DGS) are other diagnoses commonly made in affected individuals (1). The gene encoding the T-box transcription factor Tbx1, which is required for pharyngeal and cardiovascular development, has been identified as the gene haploinsufficient in mouse and human. We and others have identified a number of genes potentially targeted by Tbx1, but the mechanisms by which it can regulate the transcription of these genes and how it controls developmental pathways, are moslty unclear. One of the best studied molecular functions of Tbx1 is in heart development, where it is required to sustain proliferation of mesodermally-derived precursors of the second heart field (SHF), a cardiac progenitor cell population that contributes to the development of most of the heart, including the outflow tract and right ventricle. To better understand how it works during embryonic development, we evaluated Tbx1-dosage dependent gene expression changes in vivo using a novel dosage gradient approach. Among genes sensitive to Tbx1 level, we found the one encoding the cardiogenic transcription factor Mef2c which is involved in cardiomyocyte differentiation. Interestingly, this gene was anti-correlated to Tbx1 dosage; in situ hybridization on mutant mouse embryos also corroborated quantitative expression data. These results suggest that Tbx1 may negatively regulate cardiac muscle cell differentiation through a mechanism involving Mef2c transcriptional repression; this would be consistent with recent data showing that loss of function of Tbx1 is associated with increased expression of differentiation markers of the myocardium. It has also been shown that Mef2c is a direct transcriptional target of Gata4 in the SHF, during mouse embryonic development (2); accordingly our in vitro data, suggest that Tbx1 could negatively regulate Mef2c expression, somehow interfering with Gata4-dependent Mef2c activation. Virtually all the mechanistic data obtained so far derive from murine models of 22q11DS; there is the need of a system to validate these data on human material. Since human Embryonic Stem cells can differentiate in vitro, into multiple somatic tissues, including cardiac progenitors, we generated DiGeorge syndrome-specific Pluripotent Stem cells by reprogramming adult patient fibroblasts. Developing of this system as human model of the disease, will help us to investigate its underlying molecular mechanism on a cellular level. Tbx1 loss of function in mice, and, to a lesser extent, TBX1 haploinsufficency in DiGeorge syndrome patients, is associated with hypoplasia or aplasia of several organs and tissues; so it is possible that Tbx1 function in regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation in the SHF, may also apply to other tissues where Tbx1 is expressed. Availability of DiGeorge syndrome-specific Pluripotent Stem cells, will help us to speculate whether that disregulation of the balance between proliferation and differentiation of different types of progenitor cells or stem cells, may be a basic pathogenic mechanism for the loss of function phenotype

GIS and Remote Sensing for Renewable Energy Assessment and Maps

This book aims at providing the state-of-the-art on all of the aforementioned tools in different energy applications and at different scales, i.e., urban, regional, national, and even continental for renewable scenarios planning and policy making

CANCER TREATMENT BY TARGETING HDAC4 TRANSLOCATION INDUCED BY MICROSECOND PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD EXPOSURE: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS THROUGH KINASES AND PHOSPHATASES

Epigenetic modifications, arising from sub-cellular shifts in histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and localization, present promising strategies for diverse cancer treatments. HDACs, enzymes responsible for post-translational histone modifications, induce these epigenetic changes by removing acetyl groups from ε-N-acetyl-lysine residues on histones, thereby suppressing gene transcription. Within the HDAC group, class IIa HDACs are notable for their responsiveness to extracellular signals, bridging the gap between external stimuli, plasma membrane, and genome through nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation. This localization offers two significant mechanisms for cancer treatment: nuclear accumulation of HDACs represses oncogenic transcription factors, such as myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C), triggering various cell death pathways. Conversely, cytoplasmic HDAC accumulation acts similarly to HDAC inhibitors by silencing genes. My dissertation introduces an innovative approach for glioblastoma and breast cancer treatment by investigating the application of microsecond pulsed electric fields. It particularly focuses on HDAC4, a class IIa HDAC overexpressed in these cancers. Beyond demonstrating HDAC4 translocation, my research delves into the intricate roles of kinases and phosphatases, shedding light on the underlying factors governing HDAC4 translocation

X-ray astronomy of stellar coronae

Abstract.: X-ray emission from stars in the cool half of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is generally attributed to the presence of a magnetic corona that contains plasma at temperatures exceeding 1 million K. Coronae are ubiquitous among these stars, yet many fundamental mechanisms operating in their magnetic fields still elude an interpretation through a detailed physical description. Stellar X-ray astronomy is therefore contributing toward a deeper understanding of the generation of magnetic fields in magnetohydrodynamic dynamos, the release of energy in tenuous astrophysical plasmas through various plasma-physical processes, and the interactions of high-energy radiation with the stellar environment. Stellar X-ray emission also provides important diagnostics to study the structure and evolution of stellar magnetic fields from the first days of a protostellar life to the latest stages of stellar evolution among giants and supergiants. The discipline of stellar coronal X-ray astronomy has now reached a level of sophistication that makes tests of advanced theories in stellar physics possible. This development is based on the rapidly advancing instrumental possibilities that today allow us to obtain images with sub-arcsecond resolution and spectra with resolving powers exceeding 1000. High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy has, in fact, opened new windows into astrophysical sources, and has played a fundamental role in coronal research. The present article reviews the development and current status of various topics in the X-ray astronomy of stellar coronae, focusing on observational results and on theoretical aspects relevant to our understanding of coronal magnetic structure and evolutio

Fonction et régulation du complexe acétyltransférase TIP60 au cours de la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN

La chromatine protège et organise la molécule d'ADN dans le noyau. Sa dynamique est essentielle afin de réguler l'accès direct à l'information génétique encodée dans la séquence de l'ADN durant les processus de la réplication, la transcription et la réparation. Le complexe acétyltransférase TIP60/NuA4 est un régulateur clé de la stabilité et de l'expression du génome, fréquemment dérégulé dans certains cancers. L'analyse de ce complexe multiprotéique a constitué le cœur de mes études doctorales. Mon projet portait sur l'étude de la fonction et de la régulation du complexe au cours de la réparation des dommages de l'ADN. Il s'est ainsi découpé en 3 axes: comprendre le recrutement du complexe TIP60 à la cassure double-brin, sa régulation durant la réparation et sa fonction exacte au cours de la réponse aux dommages. Mon objectif initial était de purifier le complexe TIP60 natif afin d'effectuer des analyses par spectrométrie de masse. Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé une méthode alliant édition du génome et étude protéomique afin d'améliorer et de faciliter l'exploration des interactions protéiques au sein de complexes à sous-unités multiples comme TIP60. Elle rend possible l'étude des activités biochimiques et des liens structure-fonction. De plus, nous avons étudié les modifications post-traductionnelles du complexe comme l'acétylation et la phosphorylation. Finalement, j'ai cherché à clarifier la fonction du complexe durant la réparation via l'identification de nouveaux substrats d'acétylation. Ainsi, nous avons identifié MBTD1 comme étant une nouvelle sous-unité stable du complexe, ce qui nous a permis de clarifier la fonction de TIP60. De façon intéressante, l'identification d'un nouveau substrat au sein de la chromatine a éclairci la fonction précoce de TIP60 lors du choix de voie de réparation. Finalement, une fonction plus tardive de TIP60 est suggérée par l'identification de nouveaux substrats non histone au sein de la voie de recombinaison homologue. L'ensemble de ces travaux a permis d'éclaircir la régulation et la fonction de TIP60 au cours de la réparation des cassures double-brin de l'ADN conduisant à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes d'oncogenèse

MicroRNA and Cancer

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have important roles in almost all biological pathways. Deregulated miR expression has been detected in numerous cancers, where miRs act as both oncogene and tumor suppressors. Due to their important roles in tumorigenesis, miRs have been investigated as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and as useful targets for therapeutic intervention. From a therapeutic point of view, two modalities can serve to rectify gene networks in cancer cells. For oncomiRs, a rational means is downregulation through antagomirs. Moreover, observations of the pathological reductions in tumor-suppressive miRs have inspired the concept of “miR replacement therapy” to enhance the amount of these miRs, thereby restoring them to normal levels. However, the clinical applicability of miR-based therapies is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery systems. Therefore, to understand the role of this new class of regulators, we need to identify the mRNA targets regulated by individual miRs as well as to develop specific, efficient, and safe delivery systems for therapeutic miRs

The role of p53 in normal development and teratogen-induced apoptosis and birth defects in mouse embryos

In the studies described in this dissertation, we investigated the roles of p53 in normal development, teratogen-induced apoptosis, and birth defects. In the first study, the activation of p53 and its target genes, p21, NOXA, and PUMA, were examined during neural tube closure in mouse embryos exposed to hyperthermia (HS) or 4- peroxycyclophosphamide (4CP), teratogens known to induce neural tube defects (NTDs). In the second study, using p53-deficient mice, we examined the expression of mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) during neural tube closure. In the third study, the incidence of NTDs was investigated in p53- and p21-deficient mouse embryos exposed to HS. Finally, we examined the induction of apoptosis in p53-deficient mouse embryos exposed to HS. HS and 4CP induced the activation of p53 by phosphorylation and accumulation of the protein, leading to an increase in p21 proteins and mRNAs. Although HS and 4CP also induced the expression of Noxa and Puma mRNAs, no significant increases in NOXA and PUMA proteins were observed, suggesting a possible role of transcriptionindependent apoptosis. In the second study, we showed that the expression of 388 genes and 5 miRNAs were significantly altered in p53 -/- compared to p53 +/+ embryos. Finally, we showed that 10% of p53 -/- pups exhibit exencephaly, spina bifida, and/or preaxial polydactyly, whereas no malformations were observed among p21 -/- offspring in the absence of HS. HS resulted in an increased incidence of exencephaly in both p53 and p21 null mice indicating that these two proteins act as teratogen suppressors. Our preliminary data additionally showed that a decreased level of apoptosis was observed in HS-treated embryos lacking a p53 allele, suggesting that too little apoptosis may be causally linked to NTDs observed in embryos exposed to HS. Taken together, these studies suggest that precise control of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest pathways are critical for neural tube development and the prevention of teratogen-induced NTDs