1,410 research outputs found
Multipath Parameter Estimation from OFDM Signals in Mobile Channels
We study multipath parameter estimation from orthogonal frequency division
multiplex signals transmitted over doubly dispersive mobile radio channels. We
are interested in cases where the transmission is long enough to suffer time
selectivity, but short enough such that the time variation can be accurately
modeled as depending only on per-tap linear phase variations due to Doppler
effects. We therefore concentrate on the estimation of the complex gain, delay
and Doppler offset of each tap of the multipath channel impulse response. We
show that the frequency domain channel coefficients for an entire packet can be
expressed as the superimposition of two-dimensional complex sinusoids. The
maximum likelihood estimate requires solution of a multidimensional non-linear
least squares problem, which is computationally infeasible in practice. We
therefore propose a low complexity suboptimal solution based on iterative
successive and parallel cancellation. First, initial delay/Doppler estimates
are obtained via successive cancellation. These estimates are then refined
using an iterative parallel cancellation procedure. We demonstrate via Monte
Carlo simulations that the root mean squared error statistics of our estimator
are very close to the Cramer-Rao lower bound of a single two-dimensional
sinusoid in Gaussian noise.Comment: Submitted to IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications (26 pages,
9 figures and 3 tables
OFDM Waveform Optimisation for Joint Communications and Sensing
Radar systems are radios to sense objects in their surrounding environment. These operate at a defined set of frequency ranges. Communication systems are used to transfer information between two points. In the present day, proliferation of mobile devices and the advancement of technology have led to communication systems being ubiquitous. This has made these systems to operate at the frequency bands already used by the radar systems. Thus, the communication signal interferes a radar receiver and vice versa, degrading performance of both systems. Different methods have been proposed to combat this phenomenon. One of the novel topics in this is the RF convergence, where a given bandwidth is used jointly by both systems. A differentiation criterion must be adopted between the two systems so that a receiver is able to separately extract radar and communication signals. The hardware convergence due to the emergence of software-defined radios also motivated a single system be used for both radar and communication.
A joint waveform is adopted for both radar and communication systems, as the transmit signal. As orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform is the most prominent in mobile communications, it is selected as the joint waveform. Considering practical cellular communication systems adopting OFDM, there often exist unused subcarriers within OFDM symbols. These can be filled up with arbitrary data to improve the performance of the radar system. This is the approach used, where the filling up is performed through an optimisation algorithm. The filled subcarriers are termed as radar subcarriers while the rest as communication subcarriers, throughout the thesis.
The optimisation problem minimises the Cramer--Rao lower bounds of the delay and Doppler estimates made by the radar system subject to a set of constraints. It also outputs the indices of the radar and communication subcarriers within an OFDM symbol, which minimise the lower bounds. The first constraint allocates power between radar and communication subcarriers depending on their subcarrier ratio in an OFDM symbol. The second constraint ensures the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the joint waveform has an acceptable level of PAPR.
The results show that the optimised waveform provides significant improvement in the Cramer--Rao lower bounds compared with the unoptimised waveform. In compensation for this, the power allocated to the communication subcarriers needs to be reduced. Thus, improving the performances of the radar and communication systems are a trade-off. It is also observed that for the minimum lower bounds, radar subcarriers need to be placed at the two edges of an OFDM symbol. Optimisation is also seen to improve the estimation performance of a maximum likelihood estimator, concluding that optimising the subcarriers to minimise a theoretical bound enables to achieve improvement for practical systems
Full-Duplex OFDM Radar With LTE and 5G NR Waveforms: Challenges, Solutions, and Measurements
This paper studies the processing principles, implementation challenges, and
performance of OFDM-based radars, with particular focus on the
fourth-generation Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and fifth-generation (5G) New Radio
(NR) mobile networks' base stations and their utilization for radar/sensing
purposes. First, we address the problem stemming from the unused subcarriers
within the LTE and NR transmit signal passbands, and their impact on
frequency-domain radar processing. Particularly, we formulate and adopt a
computationally efficient interpolation approach to mitigate the effects of
such empty subcarriers in the radar processing. We evaluate the target
detection and the corresponding range and velocity estimation performance
through computer simulations, and show that high-quality target detection as
well as high-precision range and velocity estimation can be achieved.
Especially 5G NR waveforms, through their impressive channel bandwidths and
configurable subcarrier spacing, are shown to provide very good radar/sensing
performance. Then, a fundamental implementation challenge of
transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) isolation in OFDM radars is addressed, with
specific emphasis on shared-antenna cases, where the TX-RX isolation challenges
are the largest. It is confirmed that from the OFDM radar processing
perspective, limited TX-RX isolation is primarily a concern in detection of
static targets while moving targets are inherently more robust to transmitter
self-interference. Properly tailored analog/RF and digital self-interference
cancellation solutions for OFDM radars are also described and implemented, and
shown through RF measurements to be key technical ingredients for practical
deployments, particularly from static and slowly moving targets' point of view.Comment: Paper accepted by IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and
Technique
A Novel Joint Angle-Range-Velocity Estimation Method for MIMO-OFDM ISAC Systems
Integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is emerging as a key technique
for next-generation wireless systems. In order to expedite the practical
implementation of ISAC within pervasive mobile networks, it is essential to
equip widely-deployed base stations with radar sensing capabilities. Thus, the
utilization of standardized multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) hardware architectures and waveforms
becomes pivotal for realizing seamless integration of effective communication
and sensing functionalities. In this paper, we introduce a novel joint
angle-range-velocity estimation algorithm for the MIMO-OFDM ISAC system. This
approach exclusively depends on conventional MIMO-OFDM communication waveforms,
which are widely adopted in wireless communications. Specifically, the
angle-range-velocity information of potential targets is jointly extracted by
utilizing all the received echo signals within a coherent processing interval
(CPI). Therefore, the proposed joint estimation algorithm can achieve larger
processing gains and higher resolution by fully exploiting echo signals and
jointly estimating the angle-range-velocity information. Theoretical analysis
for maximum unambiguous range, resolution, and processing gains are provided to
verify the advantages of the proposed joint estimation algorithm. Finally,
extensive numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate that the proposed
joint estimation approach can achieve significantly lower
root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of angle/range/velocity estimation for both
single-target and multi-target scenarios.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, submitted to IEEE Tran
On SFBC schemes for enabling virtual array concept in monostatic ISAC scenarios
The integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) paradigm is being proposed for 6G as a new feature of the physical layer (PHY), for tackling dual-functional applications, i.e., demanding radio-sensing and communication functions, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomous driving systems. This work considers the integration of sensing and communications functionalities in a unique platform. To achieve this goal, the use of orthogonal space frequency block codes (SFBC) is proposed. SFBC code orthogonality enables both the separation of communications data streams at a user terminal and the estimation of target parameters. The SFBC enhances the communications link diversity without requiring channel state information knowledge at the transmitter and enable the virtual antenna array concept for enhancing the direction-finding resolution. The use of different SFBCs provides a tradeoff between achieved diversity and sensing resolution. For example, an Alamouti code, applicable for the case with two transmitting antennas, duplicates sensing resolution and achieves a diversity order of two while the use of a Tarokh code, applicable for a scenario with four transmitting antennas, provides a fourfold better resolution and diversity order of four. However, the code rate achieved with the Tarokh code is half of the one achieved with the Alamouti code. Furthermore, the unambiguous range is reduced since the bandwidth is divided to multiplex the different antenna signals. For its simplicity, good performance and reduced integration requirements, the method is promising for future ISAC systems.publishe
Range and velocity estimations in multi-band hybrid multistatic radar networks
This study investigates the benefits of exploiting multiple illuminators of opportunity (IOs) in hybrid radar systems consisting of multi-band receivers that can utilise active radar waveforms and broadcasting signals for multistatic radar sensing. As a performance metric, Cramér-Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) on the range and velocity estimations are considered. FM radio, Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T) and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) transmitters are considered as IOs for passive radar sensing while also having an active radar transmitter in the multistatic radar network. The multistatic radar networks consisting of receivers, transmitters and IOs are modelled and simulated and CRLBs on the range and velocity estimations are calculated. Two different multistatic radar network scenarios are simulated and the results are evaluated to analyse the estimation accuracy of active and passive bistatic pairs. The results show that a multi-band multistatic radar network can provide better range and velocity estimations by exploiting IO signals compared to a radar network that only uses traditional active radar waveforms
Carrier Aggregation Enabled Integrated Sensing and Communication Signal Design and Processing
The future mobile communication systems will support intelligent applications
such as Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and Extended Reality (XR). Integrated
Sensing and Communication (ISAC) is regarded as one of the key technologies
satisfying the high data rate communication and highly accurate sensing for
these intelligent applications in future mobile communication systems. With the
explosive growth of wireless devices and services, the shortage of spectrum
resources leads to the fragmentation of available frequency bands for ISAC
systems, which degrades sensing performance. Facing the above challenges, this
paper proposes a Carrier Aggregation (CA)-based ISAC signal aggregating high
and low-frequency bands to improve the sensing performance, where the CA-based
ISAC signal can use four different aggregated pilot structures for sensing.
Then, an ISAC signal processing algorithm with Compressed Sensing (CS) is
proposed and the Fast Iterative Shrinkage-Thresholding Algorithm (FISTA) is
used to solve the reconfiguration convex optimization problem. Finally, the
Cram'er-Rao Lower Bounds (CRLBs) are derived for the CA-based ISAC signal.
Simulation results show that CA efficiently improves the accuracy of range and
velocity estimation
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